Postmenopausal women who did 12 months of resistance and weight-bearing aerobic exercise gained lean mass and lost leg fat, regardless of hormone therapy use or changes in hormone levels.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 94 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 63 timesPubMed
14 postmenopausal women, some on hormone therapy, did eccentric leg exercise, and those on hormone therapy showed a greater muscle-building gene response afterward.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 14 women · 2009PostmenopausalCited 66 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women tracked physical activity over 2 years and researchers found higher activity was linked to lower estradiol levels in both hormone-treated and untreated women.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 194 women · 104 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did a year of power training or hormone therapy; both reduced an age related gene expression change linked to muscle loss, with effects on muscle cross-sectional area.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 27 women · 52 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women did a year of jump-based power training with or without hormone therapy, and both interventions altered skeletal muscle gene expression linked to preserving muscle power.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 52 weeks · 2010Early postmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 6 months of cycle ergometer aerobic training with or without estrogen therapy, and aerobic training prevented the daytime blood pressure rise seen with estrogen alone.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 47 women · 26 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women on or off HRT did 12 weeks of resistance training, and HRT use did not change the acute or chronic hormone responses to exercise.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 32 women · 12 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed
60 perimenopausal women were randomized to aerobic training, estrogen plus progesterone therapy, or control for 18 months; the hormone therapy group showed better results in 3 of 6 balance measures.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 60 women · 78 weeks · 2007PerimenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed
In postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of resistance training reduced intramuscular estradiol, testosterone and DHEA levels regardless of whether participants also received estrogen therapy.
Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of resistance training with or without estrogen therapy, and muscle satellite cell decline was counteracted only when training was combined with estrogen.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2023Early postmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed
Healthy postmenopausal women took estrogen or placebo for 12 weeks in a crossover trial, and estrogen did not improve treadmill exercise tolerance, oxygen uptake, or blood pressure response to exercise.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed
Healthy postmenopausal women took low-dose estrogen or placebo for 6 months then cycled; estrogen did not change postexercise blood pressure or sympathetic nerve activity drops.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 18 women · 24 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed
In 20 postmenopausal women, resistance exercise combined with estrogen therapy appeared to counteract lower resting muscle protein synthesis seen in estrogen users compared to non-users.
Mixed resultsControlled trial · 20 women · 2012PostmenopausalCited 59 timesPubMed
Eleven active postmenopausal women on oral or transdermal estrogen did 45-minute exercise tests; estradiol rose during exercise only with transdermal estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol and insulin changed in both.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 11 women · 2002PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed
In 16 postmenopausal women, 30 minutes of treadmill exercise raised DHEA and cortisol levels, with hormone therapy users showing higher DHEA and cortisol responses than untreated women.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 16 women · 1997PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 30 minutes of treadmill exercise, and those on hormone therapy showed higher growth hormone release than those not on hormone therapy, with similar prolactin responses.
Mixed resultsControlled trial · 17 women · 1998PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women using or not using hormone therapy did a single bout of eccentric leg exercise, and muscle estrogen receptor gene expression changed more in the hormone therapy group.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 14 women · 2010PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed