A meta-analysis of RCTs found that ground and joint reaction exercise of at least 24 weeks produced small but significant improvements in femoral neck and lumbar spine bone density in postmenopausal women.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,632 participants pooled · 24 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 96 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of randomised trials found at least 6 months of supervised weight-bearing exercise did not significantly improve lower-extremity bone strength in postmenopausal women.
No difference foundMeta-analysis · 24 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 303 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 53 studies in women over 60 found exercise training increased bone mineral density at the femoral neck, lumbar spine and trochanter, with no change in total hip or total body.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2,896 participants pooled · 2022PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 35 randomized trials found both impact exercise like aerobics and non-impact exercise like weight training reduced spine bone loss in pre and postmenopausal women.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2000Midlife womenCited 252 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of postmenopausal women found that programs mixing jogging, walking, stair climbing or resistance exercise reduced bone loss at the hip and spine, while high-impact-only exercise did not.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2009PostmenopausalCited 186 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 28 RCTs found moderate to high impact exercise improved trabecular bone density at the distal tibia in postmenopausal women, with no effect at some other sites.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2,985 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 13 trials with 699 postmenopausal women found exercise produced a small but statistically significant increase in lumbar spine bone density compared with controls.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 699 participants pooled · 2002PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 24 trials found resistance training combined with high-impact or weight-bearing exercise improved hip and spine bone density in postmenopausal women more than resistance alone.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2015PostmenopausalCited 135 timesPubMed
Reviewing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, authors reported combined impact and resistance exercise best preserved bone density in pre- and postmenopausal women, while whole-body vibration showed no benefit.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2016Midlife womenCited 131 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 18 randomized trials found aerobics, weight-bearing and resistance exercise increased spine bone density in postmenopausal women, and walking also increased hip bone density.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2002PostmenopausalCited 158 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 53 trials found high intensity exercise increased spine bone density more than low or moderate intensity in postmenopausal women, with resistance and impact training most effective.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2021PostmenopausalCited 98 timesPubMed
In this meta-analysis of controlled trials lasting at least 6 months, postmenopausal women doing weight-bearing, resistance, or mixed exercise showed improved bone density at the spine, hip and femoral neck.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 24 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 94 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of six trials in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis found high-intensity resistance and impact training improved lumbar spine bone density more than moderate-intensity training.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 391 participants pooled · 2022PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 9 trials in postmenopausal women found combining antiresorptive drugs or hormone therapy with exercise improved spine and hip bone density more than exercise alone.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,248 participants pooled · 2015PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of seven studies in postmenopausal women over 50 found jumping, whole body vibration and power training did not significantly change bone trabecular microarchitecture measured by HR-pQCT.
No difference foundMeta-analysis · 397 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed
A systematic review found a single session of aerobic exercise increased bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults, while resistance exercise effects varied by marker.
Mixed resultsSystematic review · 368 participants pooled · 2021Midlife womenCited 34 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 24 RCTs found progressive exercise training, including resistance, aerobic, impact, vibration and tai chi, improved bone mineral density and, in some studies, quality of life.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2025Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed
A systematic review of pQCT studies found exercise modestly improved bone mass and geometry in postmenopausal women, with the biggest changes from high-impact loading exercise.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2010PostmenopausalCited 91 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of twice weekly high intensity resistance and impact training, which improved spine and hip bone density and functional performance versus a low intensity home program.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 101 women · 32 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 260 timesPubMed
A review of 100 trials in postmenopausal women found moderate to high intensity exercise, especially combined resistance and impact training, benefited bone mass more than low intensity exercise.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2021PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed
Belgian guidelines for postmenopausal osteoporosis, based on review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews, recommend combining weight-bearing and resistance training with adequate calcium and vitamin D.
Direction not statedSystematic review · 2020PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found high-intensity, impact and strength training produced small but significant bone density increases at the hip and spine in postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, women.
Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 379 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed
Postmenopausal women doing daily vertical jumps for up to 18 months showed no significant hip bone density gain compared to controls, unlike premenopausal women who improved.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 149 women · 78 weeks · 1998Midlife womenCited 215 timesPubMed
A systematic review of randomized trials found exercise, including Tai Chi, aerobic exercise and pilates, improved bone mineral density and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2020PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed
A systematic review of 15 studies found that multicomponent training combining resistance, weight-bearing and impact exercise could increase or preserve muscle and bone mass in postmenopausal women.
Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2018PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did 1 year of thrice-weekly resistance plus impact training, and researchers found preserved spine bone density and increased lean mass compared to a stretching control group.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 106 women · 52 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 144 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women doing weight-bearing exercise plus calcium for 2 years had less bone loss at the femoral neck than calcium supplementation alone.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 168 women · 104 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 187 timesPubMed
A review of 10 randomized trials over 24+ weeks found high-impact exercise and whole body vibration were most linked to improved bone mineral density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 24 weeks · 2017Midlife womenCited 30 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women doing 12 months of jumping exercise, with or without alendronate, showed no change in spine or hip bone density but improved leg power, balance and cardiorespiratory fitness.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 164 women · 52 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 117 timesPubMed
Elderly women with low bone density who did 30 months of impact exercise training had no change in hip bone density but fewer fall-related fractures than controls.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 160 women · 130 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 103 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women taking calcium, with or without hormone therapy, who did supervised weight-bearing and resistance exercise three times weekly for a year had greater bone density gains at some sites than non-exercisers.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 320 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 91 timesPubMed
Breast cancer survivors with premature menopause did a year of impact plus resistance training, which improved hip bone density and limited fat gain compared with a placebo exercise group among those over a year postmenopausal.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 71 women · 52 weeks · 2013Early postmenopausalCited 96 timesPubMed
A review found exercise in peri and postmenopausal women modestly increases or preserves bone density and improves muscle strength and balance, but direct proof it reduces fractures is lacking.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2004Midlife womenCited 25 timesPubMed
Breast cancer survivors did 12 months of step aerobic and circuit training with home jumping, which prevented femoral neck bone loss in premenopausal women but showed no bone benefit in postmenopausal women.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 498 women · 52 weeks · 2012Midlife womenCited 60 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did weight-bearing exercise, aerobic dancing and flexibility work three times weekly for 12 months, and spinal bone density stabilized versus decline in controls, with improved fitness and wellbeing.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 124 women · 52 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 104 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of twice weekly high intensity resistance training with impact loading and showed improved hip and spine bone density and function versus a low intensity home program.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 32 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 72 timesPubMed
In 58 postmenopausal women over 6 months, whole-body vibration increased hip and spine bone density while high-impact exercise did not, and both improved mobility, quality of life and depressive symptoms.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 58 women · 26 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed
Over 12 months, 400 previously inactive postmenopausal women doing 300 versus 150 minutes weekly of aerobic exercise showed a smaller decline in bone mineral density with the higher dose.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 400 women · 52 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed
A meta-analysis of six trials found high-intensity resistance training combined with high-impact training for 8 months or longer improved femoral neck cortical thickness in postmenopausal women.
Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed
Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis who did 12 months of progressive high-impact training gained femoral neck bone mass and improved balance, strength and fitness, with no change in cartilage composition.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 76 women · 52 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women did 1 year of jumping and bounding exercise with or without hormone therapy; combined and HRT groups gained more bone density at femur and tibia than controls, exercise alone helped maintain bone mass.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2002Early postmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training or low-intensity Pilates-based training; the high-intensity program increased spine bone density and muscle strength more.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 115 women · 35 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 75 did 9 months of weighted vest exercise and showed improved balance, leg strength and power versus controls, but no change in femoral neck bone mass.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 44 women · 39 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 75 timesPubMed
In 44 healthy postmenopausal women, 12 months of daily heel drops plus weekly high-impact classes did not significantly increase bone density at any site versus low-impact controls.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 44 women · 52 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 78 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women with osteopenia doing high-intensity weight-bearing resistance training three times weekly for about 13 months improved spine bone density, lean mass, body fat, strength and menopausal symptoms versus low-intensity controls.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 54 women · 56 weeks · 2021Early postmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 6 months of strengthening or high-impact exercise; high-impact training increased bone density at spine and hip and both improved quality of life.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 52 weeks of hip-targeted strength, balance and jumping exercise with calcium, and showed a small hip bone density benefit plus better quality of life versus controls.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 49 timesPubMed
An umbrella review found low intensity jumping improved hip bone density, concurrent training improved spine and hip sites, while aerobic and resistance exercise alone showed inconsistent effects in postmenopausal women.
Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2023PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed
In a 10-week RCT, postmenopausal women with low bone mass doing step aerobics three times weekly showed reduced bone resorption marker change and improved muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance versus controls, with no BMD change.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 48 women · 10 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed
A review of 13 randomized trials found that exercise, especially high-impact exercise, generally improved bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2022PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed
A scoping review of 20 studies found resistance training combined with impact activity improved bone density in menopausal women, with greater benefit when combined with hormone therapy than either alone.
Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2025Midlife womenCited 5 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women did periodized high intensity resistance and impact exercise for a year, and spine bone density was maintained versus a significant decline in the non-exercise control group.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 128 women · 52 weeks · 2010Early postmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis did 12 months of progressive high-impact exercise, which increased femoral neck bending strength without harming knee cartilage.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of high-intensity jump-based aquatic exercise, which increased spine, hip, and whole body bone density and improved agility and leg strength versus untrained controls.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 24 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed
Early breast cancer patients did a 12 month step aerobics and impact exercise program; premenopausal women kept hip bone density benefits for 3 years but not 5, with no bone effect seen in postmenopausal women.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 444 women · 260 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed
A review of 39 studies with 3349 peri and postmenopausal women found high-intensity resistance and impact training programs were reported with moderate to good quality, but progression details were often incomplete.
Direction not statedSystematic review · 3,349 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenPubMed
Eighty six breast cancer survivors did 12 months of aerobic impact exercise training, and postmenopausal trainees showed small improvements in bone structural strength, agility and grip strength.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed
Sedentary postmenopausal women did foot stamping, squats and line dancing; the program maintained hip bone density and improved leg strength and balance.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 45 women · 2007PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 12 months of bone-loading exercise plus calcium and vitamin D, and researchers found smaller bone density gains than with risedronate, but some improvement versus no-treatment control.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 276 women · 52 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed
Older postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did impact plus resistance training versus stretching, and younger women in the exercise group showed more hip bone density benefit than older women.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 106 women · 2012PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed
A 6-month unilateral high-impact hopping program in postmenopausal women aged 55 to 70 increased femoral neck bone density with no adverse effects on knee osteoarthritis imaging markers.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 26 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training, which did not cause vertebral fractures and improved thoracic kyphosis versus a low-intensity home program.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 32 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed
In postmenopausal women with low bone mass, 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training improved hip bone density and strength measures more than low-intensity Pilates-based exercise.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 102 women · 32 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed
In a 1 year trial, 15 early postmenopausal women did low or high impact exercise 3 days a week; both groups maintained bone density while non-exercisers lost bone.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 15 women · 52 weeks · 1992Early postmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 6 months of unilateral hopping exercise; the exercising leg showed increased trabecular bone number and formation rate at the shin bone compared to the non-exercising leg.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 10 women · 26 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed
In 62 sedentary postmenopausal women with low bone ultrasound scores, 6 months of aquatic or weight-bearing exercise both increased calcaneal bone ultrasound attenuation versus controls.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 62 women · 26 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed
Older postmenopausal women aged 73 to 88 did a 12 month weight-bearing exercise program; five years after stopping, bone density and neuromuscular function gains were lost in both exercisers and controls.
No difference foundRandomised trial · 34 women · 260 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 2 years of fast walking or high impact training with calcium and vitamin D, and high impact training improved femoral neck bone density more than walking.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 34 women · 104 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of multimodal exercise wearing weighted vests, which reduced a bone resorption marker and improved ankle strength versus controls.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed
In postmenopausal women with low bone mass, 12 months of weighted jogging and resistance exercise improved some hip bone strength measures similarly to risedronate, with neither clearly superior.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 276 women · 52 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed
Over 12 months, early postmenopausal women doing continuous or intermittent jumping exercise maintained bone density at the spine and hip, while a control group lost significant bone density.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 52 weeks · 2020Early postmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women who did high-resistance strength training and high-impact aerobics for 3 years maintained bone density at the spine and hip, unlike controls who lost bone.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 78 women · 156 weeks · 2006Early postmenopausalCited 85 timesPubMed
115 postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training or low-intensity Pilates, and pelvic floor related quality of life did not differ between groups.
Direction not statedRandomised trial · 115 women · 32 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did weighted vest plus jumping exercise three times weekly for 5 years, maintaining hip bone density while non-exercising controls lost bone at the hip.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 18 women · 260 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 86 timesPubMed
In 43 osteopenic postmenopausal women, a 24-week walking plus step exercise program increased femoral neck bone density, strength and fitness versus a non-exercising control group.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 43 women · 24 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed
Early-postmenopausal osteopenic women did a 16-year supervised exercise program and showed consistently higher spine and hip bone density than non-exercising controls throughout the period.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 67 women · 832 weeks · 2016Early postmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with osteopenia who did 24 weeks of aerobic dance showed increased femoral neck bone density, grip strength, and physical quality of life compared to controls.
Reported an improvementCohort study · 80 women · 24 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 14 month high-impact, strength and endurance program and had increased lumbar spine bone density, strength and fitness versus controls.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 100 women · 60 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed
Japanese postmenopausal women with sarcopenia did light-load power training twice weekly for 6 weeks and showed improved pelvis bone density and knee strength versus controls.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 15 women · 6 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed
In 146 postmenopausal women followed about 3 years, forearm bone density declined less in those who exercised regularly than in irregular exercisers or controls, but only 48% complied regularly.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 146 women · 156 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed
Early postmenopausal women did high impact aerobic, jumping and resistance exercise for 50 months, maintaining spine bone density and improving cholesterol, body fat and strength versus non-training controls.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 68 women · 217 weeks · 2007Early postmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed
In a trial of 40 peri and early postmenopausal women, 9 months of twice weekly heavy strength and impact training increased lean mass, muscle strength, leg power, and lumbar spine bone density versus a waitlist control.
Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 39 weeks · 2026PerimenopausalPubMed
Thirty postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 6 months of high-impact plus resistance exercise, which slowed regional bone density loss and improved estimated bone strength in parts of the spine versus controls.
Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 30 women · 26 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed
Inactive postmenopausal women did 3 months of daily one legged jumping exercise and researchers found bone material strength increased in the exercised leg compared to the control leg.
Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 47 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone mass who did 3 months of weight-bearing and resistance exercise showed increased bone formation markers, strength, and improved quality of life.
Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did 19 weeks of community-based high- and odd-impact, resistance and balance training and showed reduced body fat and modest bone density gains but no change in strength or balance.
Mixed resultsControlled trial · 22 women · 19 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed
77 postmenopausal women with low bone mass did water-based weight-bearing exercise for 12 months, improving fitness and wellbeing but not preventing spinal bone density decline.
Reported a worseningBefore-and-after study · 77 women · 52 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with low bone density did 16 weeks of home-based hopping exercise; femoral neck and hip bone density and physical function measures like chair stand and stair climb time improved.
Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 44 women · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women did supervised high-intensity gymnastics three times weekly for 19 weeks and showed increased lumbar spine and hip bone density, while controls lost bone.
Reported an improvementControlled trial · 33 women · 19 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed
A review reported that in postmenopausal women, high-impact and resistance exercise only mildly increased or maintained bone density, while swimming showed no effect.
Mixed resultsOther · 2009PostmenopausalCited 238 timesPubMed
Fourteen early postmenopausal women performed jumps, box-drops, heel-drops and stamps; jumps and box-drops produced the greatest acceleration and muscle activation, suggesting more bone benefit.
Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 14 women · 2019Early postmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did a 6-month weighted-vest and education program, with high adherence and improved quadriceps strength and hip bone density.
Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed
Postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis did high-impact training, impact plus calcium/vitamin D, or brisk walking plus supplements for 2 years; the impact plus supplement group showed the largest bone density gains.
Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 39 women · 104 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed
In 38 postmenopausal women with low bone density, 8 months of weekly OsteoStrong sessions did not improve hip or spine bone density, though some physical function measures improved.
No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 38 women · 32 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed
Three elderly women did 40 weeks of jumping, balance and strength exercise, with or without raloxifene, which improved balance, gait speed and leg strength but had limited effect on bone density.
Mixed resultsBefore-and-after study · 3 women · 40 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed
In 10 postmenopausal women with osteopenia, 6 months of combined high-impact and resistance exercise was linked to maintained spine bone density, correlating with greater spinal loading from the exercises.
No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 10 women · 26 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed
This review examined human exercise trials in older and postmenopausal women and found that exercise programs that increase bone size in younger people often fail to do so in elderly bone.
No difference foundOther · 2012PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed
A biomechanical modeling study in postmenopausal women found fast walking and running produced higher femoral neck bone strains than normal walking, suggesting potential to help preserve bone density.
Reported an improvementOther · 2018PostmenopausalCited 32 timesPubMed
A literature review reported that exercise, especially high impact activities like stepping and jumping, produced modest bone density benefits in postmenopausal women and reduced hip fracture incidence.
Reported an improvementOther · 1999PostmenopausalCited 39 timesPubMed
In a 12-month case series, peri and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis using brief weekly high-intensity osteogenic loading showed modest lumbar spine bone density increases that lost significance after statistical correction.
Mixed resultsOther · 147 women · 52 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed
This protocol describes an 8-month trial testing whether high-intensity resistance and impact training with or without osteoporosis medication changes bone density in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, no results yet.
Direction not statedOther · 160 women · 32 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed
This protocol describes an 8 month trial testing high-intensity resistance and impact exercise combined with romosozumab versus low-intensity exercise in 102 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, results not yet reported.
Direction not statedOther · 102 women · 32 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed
A protocol describes a 9 month mHealth guided jumping and fast walking program in 120 postmenopausal women to test effects on bone density, with results not yet reported.
Direction not statedOther · 120 women · 36 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed
A pilot RCT protocol will test a 9-month high-intensity resistance and impact training program in 40 perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, assessing feasibility and bone, muscle and function measures.
Direction not statedOther · 40 women · 36 weeks · 2025PerimenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed
This narrative review reported that weight-bearing and resistance physical activity is linked to greater bone density, while replacing sedentary time with light activity benefits bone health in postmenopausal women.
Reported an improvementOther · 2025Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed
This protocol describes a planned network meta-analysis comparing multicomponent training and high-intensity interval training effects on bone density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Direction not statedOther · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed
This protocol describes a trial testing whole-body vibration, high-intensity resistance and impact training, or both, over 9 months in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, measuring hip bone density.
Direction not statedOther · 36 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed
A review reported that combined muscle strengthening, aerobic, progressive resistance and high impact exercise programs were linked to increased bone mineral density, and balance exercises reduced falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Reported an improvementOther · 2014PostmenopausalPubMed