Bone density: what 432 studies found

• Reported an improvement 240
• No difference found 78
• Mixed results 73
• Reported a worsening 12
• Direction not stated 29

Narrow by exercise type:

• Resistance training 194
• Impact and jumping 108
• Exercise with supplements 67
• Other aerobic exercise 66
• Walking 58
• General physical activity 51
• Aerobic plus resistance 48
• Whole-body vibration 45
• Balance and functional training 30
• Tai chi and qigong 28
• Exercise with hormone therapy 22
• Exercise with diet 22
• Other exercise 19
• Water-based exercise 12
• Pilates 9
• High-intensity intervals 6
• Stretching 5
• Yoga 4
• Pelvic floor training 1

1. A review of 43 trials in postmenopausal women found exercise, especially resistance training and combined programmes, produced a small but statistically significant increase in bone density versus no exercise.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 4,320 participants pooled · 2011PostmenopausalCited 400 timesPubMed

2. A meta-analysis of RCTs found that ground and joint reaction exercise of at least 24 weeks produced small but significant improvements in femoral neck and lumbar spine bone density in postmenopausal women.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,632 participants pooled · 24 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 96 timesPubMed

3. A meta-analysis of 80 controlled exercise trials lasting at least six months found exercise modestly increased bone mineral density at the spine, femoral neck, and hip in postmenopausal women.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 5,581 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

4. A meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials found combined exercise programs significantly increased bone density at the spine, hip, and total body in postmenopausal women.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,061 participants pooled · 2017PostmenopausalCited 73 timesPubMed

5. A meta-analysis of randomised trials found at least 6 months of supervised weight-bearing exercise did not significantly improve lower-extremity bone strength in postmenopausal women.

   No difference foundMeta-analysis · 24 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 303 timesPubMed

6. A meta-analysis of 16 trials in older postmenopausal women found whole-body vibration raised lumbar spine bone density while aerobic exercise lowered it, with no overall effect on femoral neck density.

   Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 1,624 participants pooled · 2020PostmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed

7. A meta-analysis of 53 studies in women over 60 found exercise training increased bone mineral density at the femoral neck, lumbar spine and trochanter, with no change in total hip or total body.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2,896 participants pooled · 2022PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

8. A meta-analysis of 10 randomized trials in postmenopausal women found whole-body vibration training improved lumbar spine bone density and improved femoral neck bone density in women under 65.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 462 participants pooled · 2018PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

9. A meta-analysis of 11 trials found mind-body exercises like tai chi, yoga, and qigong improved bone density, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and fatigue in peri- and postmenopausal women.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,005 participants pooled · 2024Midlife womenCited 40 timesPubMed

10. A meta-analysis of 35 randomized trials found both impact exercise like aerobics and non-impact exercise like weight training reduced spine bone loss in pre and postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2000Midlife womenCited 252 timesPubMed

11. A meta-analysis of postmenopausal women found that programs mixing jogging, walking, stair climbing or resistance exercise reduced bone loss at the hip and spine, while high-impact-only exercise did not.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2009PostmenopausalCited 186 timesPubMed

12. A meta-analysis of nine studies in postmenopausal women found whole body vibration alone improved hip and spine bone density, but added little when combined with exercise training.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 527 participants pooled · 2016PostmenopausalCited 44 timesPubMed

13. A meta-analysis of 28 RCTs found moderate to high impact exercise improved trabecular bone density at the distal tibia in postmenopausal women, with no effect at some other sites.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2,985 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

14. A meta-analysis of 13 trials with 699 postmenopausal women found exercise produced a small but statistically significant increase in lumbar spine bone density compared with controls.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 699 participants pooled · 2002PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed

15. A meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials in postmenopausal women found both aerobic and strength training were associated with higher regional bone mineral density than no exercise.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 719 participants pooled · 1998PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed

16. A meta-analysis of 24 trials found resistance training combined with high-impact or weight-bearing exercise improved hip and spine bone density in postmenopausal women more than resistance alone.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2015PostmenopausalCited 135 timesPubMed

17. A network meta-analysis of 49 trials in postmenopausal women found combined aerobic plus resistance training produced the largest bone density gains, followed by aerobic exercise and resistance training alone.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 3,360 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

18. Reviewing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, authors reported combined impact and resistance exercise best preserved bone density in pre- and postmenopausal women, while whole-body vibration showed no benefit.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2016Midlife womenCited 131 timesPubMed

19. A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs in breast cancer patients found exercise for at least a year did not preserve bone density in postmenopausal women but reduced femoral neck bone loss in premenopausal women.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 1,199 participants pooled · 52 weeks · 2017Midlife womenCited 30 timesPubMed

20. A meta-analysis of eight trials in sedentary postmenopausal women found walking programmes did not significantly change spine bone density but showed a positive effect at the femoral neck.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2008PostmenopausalCited 153 timesPubMed

21. A meta-analysis of 10 controlled trials in postmenopausal women found exercise did not significantly improve femoral neck bone mineral density compared with control.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 595 participants pooled · 2006PostmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed

22. A meta-analysis of 18 randomized trials found aerobics, weight-bearing and resistance exercise increased spine bone density in postmenopausal women, and walking also increased hip bone density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2002PostmenopausalCited 158 timesPubMed

23. A meta-analysis of 53 trials found high intensity exercise increased spine bone density more than low or moderate intensity in postmenopausal women, with resistance and impact training most effective.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2021PostmenopausalCited 98 timesPubMed

24. In this meta-analysis of controlled trials lasting at least 6 months, postmenopausal women doing weight-bearing, resistance, or mixed exercise showed improved bone density at the spine, hip and femoral neck.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 24 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 94 timesPubMed

25. A meta-analysis of randomized trials found high intensity resistance training modestly increased spine bone density in postmenopausal women, with inconsistent effects at the femoral neck.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2006PostmenopausalCited 129 timesPubMed

26. A meta-analysis of six trials in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis found high-intensity resistance and impact training improved lumbar spine bone density more than moderate-intensity training.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 391 participants pooled · 2022PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

27. A meta-analysis of controlled trials lasting at least six months found dynamic resistance training produced low to moderate improvements in bone density at the spine, femoral neck and hip in postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 24 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 84 timesPubMed

28. A meta-analysis of 10 studies in postmenopausal women found aerobic exercise was linked to higher lumbar spine bone mineral density compared with non-exercising women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 330 participants pooled · 1998PostmenopausalCited 42 timesPubMed

29. A meta-analysis of 10 trials found walking alone did not significantly change spine, radius or whole body bone density, but improved femoral neck density after more than 6 months.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2013Midlife womenCited 92 timesPubMed

30. A review of 28 randomised trials in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 65 found walking combined with resistance training could preserve weight and bone density and increase muscle strength.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2,646 participants pooled · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 219 timesPubMed

31. A meta-analysis of randomized trials in postmenopausal women found that lower-body exercise produced small but significant improvements in tibial bone density compared to no exercise.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2012PostmenopausalCited 85 timesPubMed

32. A meta-analysis of 18 trials found walking, running and aerobic exercise programs reduced lumbar spine bone density loss in postmenopausal women but had no effect on forearm or femoral bone mass.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 1997PostmenopausalCited 119 timesPubMed

33. A meta-analysis of 12 trials found resistance training in postmenopausal women improved functional capacity, bone density, and reduced hot flash frequency and fat mass versus no exercise.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 452 participants pooled · 16 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

34. A meta-analysis of 19 trials in postmenopausal women found adding exercise to medicine or supplements improved lumbar spine bone density, leg muscle strength, balance, and quality of life.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,249 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

35. A meta-analysis of 9 trials in postmenopausal women found combining antiresorptive drugs or hormone therapy with exercise improved spine and hip bone density more than exercise alone.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,248 participants pooled · 2015PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

36. A meta-analysis of five trials in older or postmenopausal adults found creatine supplementation added to resistance training did not improve bone mineral density more than resistance training alone.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 193 participants pooled · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

37. A meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials in menopausal women found exercise improved body fat, waist circumference, triglycerides, and lumbar spine bone density compared with no exercise.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 792 participants pooled · 2018Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed

38. A meta-analysis of adult women doing unsupervised exercise programs found increased bone density at the hip and spine, with bigger gains in those with low bone density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 668 participants pooled · 2022Midlife womenCited 15 timesPubMed

39. A meta-analysis of controlled trials found resistance training had a positive effect on lumbar spine bone density in women generally and on femur and radius bone density specifically in postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2001Midlife womenCited 93 timesPubMed

40. A meta-analysis of 13 trials, mostly in postmenopausal women losing weight, found exercise plus calorie restriction preserved hip and femoral neck bone density better than diet alone, but not lumbar spine density.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 852 participants pooled · 2021Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

41. A meta-analysis of six trials in postmenopausal women found that combining hormone therapy with exercise increased hip and spine bone density more than exercise alone.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 764 participants pooled · 2015PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

42. A meta-analysis of 11 studies of Pilates or yoga in women aged 45 to 78, lasting 12 to 32 weeks, found no significant effect on bone mineral density compared with controls.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 591 participants pooled · 32 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

43. A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found whole body vibration training improved bone density at the lumbar spine in some subgroup analyses of postmenopausal women, but not consistently at other sites.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2016PostmenopausalCited 59 timesPubMed

44. A meta-analysis of six trials found tai chi exercise did not significantly reduce bone mineral density loss at the lumbar spine or femoral neck in postmenopausal women.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 350 participants pooled · 2017PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

45. A meta-analysis of 17 trials in postmenopausal women found resistance training, especially high intensity three times weekly for 48 or more weeks, improved bone density at the spine, femoral neck and hip.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 690 participants pooled · 48 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

46. A network meta-analysis of 20 trials in postmenopausal women found Tai Chi, Baduanjin and related traditional Chinese exercises improved bone mineral density more than no exercise, with Tai Chi rated most effective overall.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,933 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

47. A meta-analysis of 20 trials in postmenopausal women found whole-body vibration, especially high frequency and low magnitude with high cumulative dose, improved lumbar spine bone mineral density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2023PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

48. A meta-analysis of six studies found aerobic exercise was linked to a moderately positive effect on hip bone density in postmenopausal women, about 2.4% greater than non-exercisers.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1998PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

49. A meta-analysis of 16 trials in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis found traditional Chinese exercise improved bone mineral density, pain, balance, and quality of life versus conventional care alone.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,288 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

50. A meta-analysis of ten studies of walking programmes in postmenopausal women and older adults found a significant positive effect on lumbar spine bone density but not at the femur or heel.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2005PostmenopausalCited 44 timesPubMed

51. A meta-analysis of 6 trials in healthy women found adding exercise to hormone therapy did not significantly improve spine or hip bone density compared with hormone therapy alone.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 585 participants pooled · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

52. A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs found tai chi exercise significantly affected spine bone density compared with no treatment, but the effect was minimal and evidence was of low quality.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2016Midlife womenCited 31 timesPubMed

53. A meta-analysis of 12 studies in 1,272 postmenopausal women found Tai Chi increased vertebral bone density and health status scores, with no significant effect on falls or balance.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,272 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

54. A meta-analysis of 24 RCTs with 1067 postmenopausal women found exercise increased bone formation markers and reduced bone resorption markers, with aerobic exercise lowering CTX and both aerobic and resistance exercise raising osteocalcin.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,067 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

55. A systematic review of 59 trials found strength training and multi-component or vibration exercise programs helped maintain or increase bone mass in older adults, especially postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2012PostmenopausalCited 205 timesPubMed

56. A meta-analysis combining studies with quality scores estimated an overall positive effect of physical activity on preventing spinal bone density loss in healthy postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1998PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

57. A meta-analysis of 12 studies with 9836 postmenopausal women found leisure time physical activity did not significantly increase bone mineral density overall, though it may help maintain bone mass depending on activity type.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 9,836 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

58. A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs with 609 postmenopausal women found isoflavone supplements combined with exercise training did not significantly increase bone mineral density compared with placebo.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 609 participants pooled · 2020PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

59. A meta-analysis of seven studies in postmenopausal women over 50 found jumping, whole body vibration and power training did not significantly change bone trabecular microarchitecture measured by HR-pQCT.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 397 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

60. A review of eight randomised trials in climacteric women found aerobic exercise improved menopause symptoms and quality of life, while resistance training strengthened muscles and increased bone density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2025Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

61. A meta-analysis of seven trials, median 38 weeks, found creatine supplementation, especially with resistance training, modestly increased lean mass and leg-press strength in postmenopausal women without changing bone density.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 608 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

62. A systematic review found a single session of aerobic exercise increased bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults, while resistance exercise effects varied by marker.

    Mixed resultsSystematic review · 368 participants pooled · 2021Midlife womenCited 34 timesPubMed

63. A network meta-analysis of 55 trials in postmenopausal women found multicomponent and mind-body training ranked highest for improving bone density at various sites.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 3,453 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

64. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found resistance training significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake and upper and lower body strength in healthy postmenopausal women, with less clear effects on bone density.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

65. A meta-analysis of 40 studies with 2,230 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 60 found aerobic, resistance and combined training all significantly improved bone mineral density at the spine, hip and other sites.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2,230 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

66. A meta-analysis of 28 studies in Chinese women 40 and older found regular exercise was associated with lower odds of abnormal bone mineral density, alongside other lifestyle factors.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 36,984 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

67. A meta-analysis of 37 studies in postmenopausal women found lack of exercise was associated with increased osteoporosis risk, while regular exercise showed no significant protective association.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 32,366 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

68. A meta-analysis of 24 RCTs found progressive exercise training, including resistance, aerobic, impact, vibration and tai chi, improved bone mineral density and, in some studies, quality of life.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2025Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

69. A systematic review of pQCT studies found exercise modestly improved bone mass and geometry in postmenopausal women, with the biggest changes from high-impact loading exercise.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2010PostmenopausalCited 91 timesPubMed

70. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of whole body vibration or resistance training; vibration increased hip bone density and muscle strength, while resistance training and controls showed no bone density change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 24 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 445 timesPubMed

71. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of twice weekly high intensity resistance and impact training, which improved spine and hip bone density and functional performance versus a low intensity home program.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 101 women · 32 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 260 timesPubMed

72. Sedentary postmenopausal women did high-intensity strength training twice weekly for one year and showed increased hip and spine bone density, muscle mass, strength and balance compared with controls who declined.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 52 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalCited 546 timesPubMed

73. A review of 100 trials in postmenopausal women found moderate to high intensity exercise, especially combined resistance and impact training, benefited bone mass more than low intensity exercise.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2021PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

74. A review of 20 studies found high-intensity weight training over about a year increased bone mineral density at the spine and hip in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 52 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 74 timesPubMed

75. A meta-analysis of 20 trials found water-based exercise improved muscle strength, aerobic capacity and flexibility versus no exercise in postmenopausal women, with similar effects to land-based exercise.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

76. Belgian guidelines for postmenopausal osteoporosis, based on review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews, recommend combining weight-bearing and resistance training with adequate calcium and vitamin D.

    Direction not statedSystematic review · 2020PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

77. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs with 1023 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women found Traditional Chinese Exercise reduced menopausal symptoms and depression and improved spine bone density, but not quality of life.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,023 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

78. A review of six controlled studies found Tai Chi practice was linked to slower bone mineral density loss and higher bone density compared with sedentary postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2007PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

79. A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs with 1018 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis found traditional Chinese exercises such as Ba Duanjin improved lumbar spine bone density and reduced pain versus controls.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,018 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

80. A meta-analysis of 14 trials with 763 women across reproductive stages found protein, amino acid or creatine supplementation added to exercise did not improve muscle mass or bone density but improved bench press and handgrip strength.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 763 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

81. A review found that 12 to 16 weeks of recreational football training in women aged 18 to 65 improved aerobic fitness, blood pressure, fat loss, lipid profile and bone mineralisation.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2018Midlife womenCited 45 timesPubMed

82. A meta-analysis of three RCTs found Pilates exercise did not significantly improve bone mineral density at the spine, hip, or femoral neck in postmenopausal women.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 2022PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

83. A review of 19 studies found moderate intensity resistance training three days a week improved lumbar spine and femoral neck bone density in postmenopausal women better than other protocols.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 919 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

84. A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found high-intensity, impact and strength training produced small but significant bone density increases at the hip and spine in postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 379 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

85. A systematic review found tai chi did not consistently improve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women compared with no treatment, calcium, or resistance training.

    No difference foundSystematic review · 2008PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

86. Postmenopausal women doing daily vertical jumps for up to 18 months showed no significant hip bone density gain compared to controls, unlike premenopausal women who improved.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 149 women · 78 weeks · 1998Midlife womenCited 215 timesPubMed

87. A systematic review of randomized trials found exercise, including Tai Chi, aerobic exercise and pilates, improved bone mineral density and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2020PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

88. A systematic review of 15 studies found that multicomponent training combining resistance, weight-bearing and impact exercise could increase or preserve muscle and bone mass in postmenopausal women.

    Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2018PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

89. Fifty six postmenopausal women did a 1 year resistance training program, and authors found strength-type training increased bone density at hip and forearm sites more than endurance-type training.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 56 women · 52 weeks · 1996Early postmenopausalCited 248 timesPubMed

90. Postmenopausal women with low vitamin D took placebo or cholecalciferol for a year, and researchers found no differences in bone density, muscle mass, muscle function or falls between groups.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 230 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 117 timesPubMed

91. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did 1 year of thrice-weekly resistance plus impact training, and researchers found preserved spine bone density and increased lean mass compared to a stretching control group.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 106 women · 52 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 144 timesPubMed

92. Postmenopausal women did back-strengthening exercise for 2 years; 10 years later the exercise group had stronger back muscles, higher bone density, and fewer vertebral fractures than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 104 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 206 timesPubMed

93. Postmenopausal women doing weight-bearing exercise plus calcium for 2 years had less bone loss at the femoral neck than calcium supplementation alone.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 168 women · 104 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 187 timesPubMed

94. A review of 10 randomized trials over 24+ weeks found high-impact exercise and whole body vibration were most linked to improved bone mineral density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 24 weeks · 2017Midlife womenCited 30 timesPubMed

95. A review of 5 studies totalling 143 participants, mostly postmenopausal women with fracture risk, found low-certainty evidence that Pilates improved physical function and quality of life.

    No difference foundSystematic review · 143 participants pooled · 2022PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

96. A systematic review of whole body vibration exercise in postmenopausal osteoporosis found improved bone mineral density in seven of twelve studies reviewed, without medication.

    Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2016PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

97. A systematic review of 12 RCTs found strength exercises in menopausal women reported improvements in leg and pelvic floor strength, bone density, metabolic and hormonal markers, blood pressure, and hot flashes.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2023Midlife womenCited 24 timesPubMed

98. A review of twelve intervention studies found that physical activity generally had a positive effect on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, though the ideal exercise type remained unclear.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2018PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

99. In 101 postmenopausal women with obesity over 12 months, severe energy restriction caused greater weight and fat loss than moderate restriction but also greater hip bone density loss, with no difference in handgrip strength.

    Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 101 women · 52 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 103 timesPubMed

100. Postmenopausal women with a prior arm fracture did self-paced brisk walking for 2 years, and researchers found a small increase in hip bone density but more falls than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 165 women · 104 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 152 timesPubMed

101. A review of 34 osteoporosis guidelines found most encourage moderate to high intensity therapeutic exercise, though specific exercise prescriptions were rarely detailed.

     Direction not statedSystematic review · 2021PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

102. Untrained postmenopausal women did 8 months of whole-body vibration or walking, with vibration increasing hip bone density and balance more than walking, while spine bone density was unchanged in both.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 28 women · 32 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 170 timesPubMed

103. In 75 inactive postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise reduced body fat, increased lean mass, and maintained bone density compared with usual care.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 75 women · 26 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 123 timesPubMed

104. In 151 postmenopausal women over 18 months, a combined exercise program increased lumbar spine bone density, and adding whole body vibration lowered the number of falls but not bone density further.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 151 women · 78 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 101 timesPubMed

105. Early postmenopausal women doing 12 months of jumping exercise, with or without alendronate, showed no change in spine or hip bone density but improved leg power, balance and cardiorespiratory fitness.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 164 women · 52 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 117 timesPubMed

106. Overweight postmenopausal women on a 12 week calorie restricted diet with added aerobic and resistance exercise lost more fat and preserved lean mass compared to diet alone.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 118 women · 12 weeks · 1993PostmenopausalCited 155 timesPubMed

107. Early postmenopausal women did Tai Chi Chun 5 days a week for 12 months and showed significantly slower bone loss in the distal tibia than sedentary controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 132 women · 52 weeks · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 114 timesPubMed

108. Elderly women with low bone density who did 30 months of impact exercise training had no change in hip bone density but fewer fall-related fractures than controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 160 women · 130 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 103 timesPubMed

109. Women with breast cancer on chemotherapy did 6 months of aerobic or resistance exercise; aerobic exercise better preserved bone density and both improved fitness and strength versus usual care.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 66 women · 26 weeks · 2007Midlife womenCited 117 timesPubMed

110. A review of five whole-body vibration training studies in postmenopausal women aged 60 to 80 found increased muscle strength and small improvements in lumbar spine and hip bone density.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 368 participants pooled · 2014PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

111. A systematic review of nine studies using virtual reality exercise games in climacteric women found improvements in pelvic floor strength, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness and bone density versus conventional approaches.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 298 participants pooled · 2022PerimenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

112. Postmenopausal women taking calcium, with or without hormone therapy, who did supervised weight-bearing and resistance exercise three times weekly for a year had greater bone density gains at some sites than non-exercisers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 320 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 91 timesPubMed

113. Breast cancer survivors with premature menopause did a year of impact plus resistance training, which improved hip bone density and limited fat gain compared with a placebo exercise group among those over a year postmenopausal.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 71 women · 52 weeks · 2013Early postmenopausalCited 96 timesPubMed

114. A review found exercise in peri and postmenopausal women modestly increases or preserves bone density and improves muscle strength and balance, but direct proof it reduces fractures is lacking.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2004Midlife womenCited 25 timesPubMed

115. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 6 months of Tai Chi with or without green tea extract; both increased bone formation markers and improved muscle strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 150 women · 26 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 78 timesPubMed

116. A 2-year strength training program in postmenopausal women increased bone density at the hip, especially the intertrochanter site, versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 126 women · 104 weeks · 2001PostmenopausalCited 104 timesPubMed

117. Breast cancer survivors did 12 months of step aerobic and circuit training with home jumping, which prevented femoral neck bone loss in premenopausal women but showed no bone benefit in postmenopausal women.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 498 women · 52 weeks · 2012Midlife womenCited 60 timesPubMed

118. Postmenopausal women did 2 years of resistance and walking exercise with or without soy isoflavones, and exercise groups maintained hip bone density and improved balance compared with control.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 351 women · 104 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 62 timesPubMed

119. Postmenopausal Japanese women who walked 45 minutes 3 times weekly for a year had reduced fat mass, increased HDL cholesterol, and less bone loss at the hip.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 136 women · 52 weeks · 2006Early postmenopausalCited 87 timesPubMed

120. In 113 institutionalized elderly women over 6 months, whole body vibration training did not improve muscle strength, mass or hip bone density beyond vitamin D supplementation alone.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 113 women · 26 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 80 timesPubMed

121. In 86 postmenopausal osteopenic women, nine months of Tai Chi training did not significantly change hip or spine bone density overall, but improved balance sway measures versus usual care.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 86 women · 39 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 81 timesPubMed

122. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors did 12 months of combined aerobic and resistance exercise, which increased lean mass and lowered body fat and BMI versus usual care; bone density did not differ.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 121 women · 52 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 67 timesPubMed

123. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with bone loss did 24 months of strength training alongside medication, calcium and vitamin D, and those who exercised were less likely to lose bone density at the hip.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 223 women · 104 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 69 timesPubMed

124. In postmenopausal Japanese women over 24 weeks, walking combined with isoflavone intake increased HDL cholesterol and decreased body fat, with bone density effects depending on equol-producer status.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 128 women · 24 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 82 timesPubMed

125. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did weight-bearing exercise, aerobic dancing and flexibility work three times weekly for 12 months, and spinal bone density stabilized versus decline in controls, with improved fitness and wellbeing.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 124 women · 52 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 104 timesPubMed

126. Postmenopausal osteoporotic women on alendronate who added weekly whole-body vibration for 12 months had similar bone density gains but greater reduction in chronic back pain than alendronate alone.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 50 women · 52 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 99 timesPubMed

127. In 29 postmenopausal women, 6 months of high-frequency vibration platform training increased muscle power by about 5% but did not change bone density or muscle force.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 29 women · 26 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 114 timesPubMed

128. 25 early postmenopausal women did high-load or high-repetition resistance training for 6 months, both groups gained similar muscle strength and size but neither improved spine or hip bone density.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 25 women · 26 weeks · 2000Early postmenopausalCited 121 timesPubMed

129. In a one-year trial, 36 postmenopausal women who walked had a 0.5% increase in lumbar spine trabecular bone density, versus a 7.0% decrease in sedentary women.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 52 weeks · 1991PostmenopausalCited 135 timesPubMed

130. A systematic review of 5 trials found tai chi improved bodily pain, general health, vitality, mental health and spine bone density in perimenopausal women, but not physical or social function.

     Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2017PerimenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

131. Overweight postmenopausal women did 6 months of resistance and aerobic exercise with or without soy isoflavones; exercise reduced fat mass and increased lean mass, with no added benefit from isoflavones.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 100 women · 26 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

132. An overview of 17 systematic reviews found whole-body vibration training produced only small or no improvements in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

     No difference foundSystematic review · 2018PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

133. Postmenopausal women doing whole body vibration training with squats three times weekly for a year gained lumbar spine bone density and leg strength compared with a low-intensity gymnastics control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 52 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

134. Early postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of moderate or high intensity resistance training; high intensity training increased hip bone density and both groups gained muscle strength and mass, but spine bone density did not improve.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 26 women · 24 weeks · 2000Early postmenopausalCited 104 timesPubMed

135. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of twice weekly high intensity resistance training with impact loading and showed improved hip and spine bone density and function versus a low intensity home program.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 32 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 72 timesPubMed

136. Postmenopausal women did 8 months of resistance training with or without whole-body vibration, with vibration adding extra strength gains but neither improving bone density or bone markers.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 55 women · 35 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 70 timesPubMed

137. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia did 12 weeks of squat based maximal strength training and researchers found increased strength and increased bone mineral content at the spine and hip.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 83 timesPubMed

138. Postmenopausal women who walked above their anaerobic threshold for 30 minutes three times a week for 7 months increased lumbar bone density, unlike controls or those walking below threshold.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 30 weeks · 1993PostmenopausalCited 113 timesPubMed

139. In 58 postmenopausal women over 6 months, whole-body vibration increased hip and spine bone density while high-impact exercise did not, and both improved mobility, quality of life and depressive symptoms.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 58 women · 26 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed

140. Middle-aged women did 12 weeks of Baduanjin qigong and showed reduced inflammatory marker IL-6 and maintained bone mineral density compared to a no-training control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 87 women · 12 weeks · 2006Midlife womenCited 68 timesPubMed

141. Premenopausal women aged 25 to 44 given bone density feedback and education showed bone density change linked to persistent self-reported increases in physical activity over 2 years.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 470 women · 104 weeks · 2006OtherCited 48 timesPubMed

142. Overweight postmenopausal women underwent diet and exercise weight loss programs for up to a year, reporting that weight loss was linked to a modest decrease in total body bone mineral density.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 67 women · 52 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 82 timesPubMed

143. Postmenopausal women aged 49 to 55 took hormone therapy or placebo, each with or without exercise, and researchers found exercise improved bone density mainly in the placebo group, with no added effect when combined with estrogen.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 78 women · 104 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 83 timesPubMed

144. Over 12 months, 400 previously inactive postmenopausal women doing 300 versus 150 minutes weekly of aerobic exercise showed a smaller decline in bone mineral density with the higher dose.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 400 women · 52 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

145. A meta-analysis of six trials found high-intensity resistance training combined with high-impact training for 8 months or longer improved femoral neck cortical thickness in postmenopausal women.

     Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

146. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis who did 12 months of progressive high-impact training gained femoral neck bone mass and improved balance, strength and fitness, with no change in cartilage composition.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 76 women · 52 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed

147. Early postmenopausal women did 1 year of jumping and bounding exercise with or without hormone therapy; combined and HRT groups gained more bone density at femur and tibia than controls, exercise alone helped maintain bone mass.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2002Early postmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

148. A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs found postmenopausal women combining exercise with calcium and vitamin D had greater increases in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone density than supplements alone, with whole-body vibration most effective.

     Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

149. Postmenopausal women doing resistance training for 12 months with creatine supplementation showed less femoral neck bone loss and greater strength gains than resistance training with placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

150. Postmenopausal women did high frequency whole body vibration three times weekly for 6 months, and lumbar spine bone density increased significantly compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 26 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 66 timesPubMed

151. In 53 postmenopausal women doing 12 months of resistance training, power training maintained hip and spine bone density while slower strength training lost bone at both sites.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 53 women · 52 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 70 timesPubMed

152. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did 1 to 2 years of walking and gymnastic exercise with calcium and vitamin D; lumbar bone density increased with training but the gain was lost after stopping exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 104 weeks · 2001PostmenopausalCited 83 timesPubMed

153. Early postmenopausal women did one year of resistance training with or without hormone therapy, and resistance training alone increased spine bone density as much as hormone therapy did.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 141 women · 52 weeks · 2007Early postmenopausalCited 54 timesPubMed

154. Surgically menopausal women took estrogen alone or estrogen plus weight training for 1 year; researchers found spine and total body bone density increased more with added exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 52 weeks · 1991PostmenopausalCited 112 timesPubMed

155. Overweight postmenopausal women did a 12 month weight loss program with aerobic exercise plus vitamin D3 or placebo, and vitamin D did not improve lean mass or bone density but leg strength decreased more.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 218 women · 52 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

156. Sedentary middle-aged women did 15 weeks of soccer or swim training, and soccer training increased bone turnover markers and leg bone density while swimming did not.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 83 women · 15 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 47 timesPubMed

157. In 1008 older women, those with higher habitual physical activity and calcium intake had 3 to 5 percent greater hip bone strength measures than those with lower levels.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 1,008 women · 52 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

158. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training or low-intensity Pilates-based training; the high-intensity program increased spine bone density and muscle strength more.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 115 women · 35 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

159. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 75 did 9 months of weighted vest exercise and showed improved balance, leg strength and power versus controls, but no change in femoral neck bone mass.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 44 women · 39 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 75 timesPubMed

160. Postmenopausal women who practiced a modified Eight-Section Brocade exercise for 12 months, with or without calcium, had increased bone density, less back pain and better balance than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 198 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

161. In 44 healthy postmenopausal women, 12 months of daily heel drops plus weekly high-impact classes did not significantly increase bone density at any site versus low-impact controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 44 women · 52 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 78 timesPubMed

162. Sedentary perimenopausal women did 18 months of calisthenics or endurance training; endurance training maintained femoral neck bone density versus controls, calisthenics showed no significant effect.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 105 women · 78 weeks · 1998PerimenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

163. Postmenopausal women who did 8 months of twice-weekly whole-body vibration, low or higher intensity, maintained hip and spine bone density while controls lost bone, and improved muscle function.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 32 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed

164. Postmenopausal women with bone loss did 24 weeks of strength or circuit training; both groups gained muscle strength and fitness but bone density did not change.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 28 women · 24 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

165. Early postmenopausal women with osteopenia doing high-intensity weight-bearing resistance training three times weekly for about 13 months improved spine bone density, lean mass, body fat, strength and menopausal symptoms versus low-intensity controls.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 54 women · 56 weeks · 2021Early postmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

166. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 6 months of strengthening or high-impact exercise; high-impact training increased bone density at spine and hip and both improved quality of life.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed

167. In 112 postmenopausal women with low bone density and forearm fractures, one year of walking plus strength training increased hip bone density slightly versus a decline in controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 92 women · 52 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

168. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on teriparatide added whole-body vibration for 12 months; vibration plus drug raised spine bone density more than the drug alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 52 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed

169. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 52 weeks of hip-targeted strength, balance and jumping exercise with calcium, and showed a small hip bone density benefit plus better quality of life versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 49 timesPubMed

170. An umbrella review found low intensity jumping improved hip bone density, concurrent training improved spine and hip sites, while aerobic and resistance exercise alone showed inconsistent effects in postmenopausal women.

     Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2023PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

171. An umbrella review of 18 systematic reviews found tai chi practice was associated with improved bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, with low certainty.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2023Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed

172. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who did 6 weeks of treadmill walking, with or without a weighted vest, showed improved bone turnover markers and balance, with greater balance gains using the vest.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 6 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed

173. In a 10-week RCT, postmenopausal women with low bone mass doing step aerobics three times weekly showed reduced bone resorption marker change and improved muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance versus controls, with no BMD change.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 48 women · 10 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

174. In 43 postmenopausal women over 9 months, moderate-intensity endurance exercise did not favorably change bone turnover markers or bone mineral density, with or without soy protein.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 43 women · 39 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed

175. Postmenopausal women did 2 years of strength or power resistance training; power training better maintained lumbar spine bone density than strength training.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 53 women · 104 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 50 timesPubMed

176. In postmenopausal women taking calcium and vitamin D, 24 weeks of high-intensity aquatic exercise increased a bone formation marker and limited bone resorption and femoral bone loss compared with controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 24 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

177. In postmenopausal women doing a year of progressive strength training, more weight lifted in squats and marches was linked to greater increases in hip and total body bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 140 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 44 timesPubMed

178. Postmenopausal women aged about 66 did resistance training 3 times weekly for 6 months with or without antioxidant vitamins; lumbar spine bone density declined only in the placebo group, remaining stable with exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 26 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 50 timesPubMed

179. Over 2 years, postmenopausal women doing resistance training and walking with creatine supplementation showed no extra bone density benefit over placebo, but some bone geometry and lean mass measures improved.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 237 women · 104 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

180. Breast cancer survivors did twice weekly weight training for 12 months and showed no significant difference in bone density change versus controls, though postmenopausal controls had more new osteopenia.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 258 women · 52 weeks · 2014Midlife womenCited 28 timesPubMed

181. Postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures who did a 6-month home exercise program of stretching, strength training and walking reported better quality of life and balance than controls, with no change in bone density.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 26 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 113 timesPubMed

182. Postmenopausal women did a year of walking and aerobic training; the exercise group showed a greater increase in osteoprotegerin, a bone-protective marker, than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 92 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

183. A review of 13 randomized trials found that exercise, especially high-impact exercise, generally improved bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2022PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

184. Postmenopausal women in a 6 month exercise-based weight loss program lost spine and hip bone density, which did not recover after regaining weight by 18 months.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 23 women · 78 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 47 timesPubMed

185. In early postmenopausal cancer survivors, 12 months of supervised aerobic resistance exercise versus home-based activity did not significantly differ in bone mineral density outcomes.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 154 women · 52 weeks · 2016Early postmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

186. Postmenopausal women did progressive strength training for up to 4 years, and higher exercise frequency was linked to greater bone density gains at the hip and spine, especially among hormone therapy users.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 167 women · 208 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

187. A scoping review of 20 studies found resistance training combined with impact activity improved bone density in menopausal women, with greater benefit when combined with hormone therapy than either alone.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2025Midlife womenCited 5 timesPubMed

188. Postmenopausal women did strength training three times weekly for 12 months, with or without etidronate, and gained muscle strength and lean mass and lost fat, but exercise did not add to bone density gains from the drug.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 48 women · 52 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

189. In early postmenopausal women doing 24 weeks of strength training, those given a protein and calcium supplement after sessions gained more muscle mass, strength and femoral neck bone density than placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 weeks · 2008Early postmenopausalCited 87 timesPubMed

190. Postmenopausal women with low bone density who did whole-body vibration plus calcium and vitamin D for 24 weeks had greater increases in leg muscle work and lumbar and femoral bone density than those taking supplements alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 43 women · 24 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

191. Early postmenopausal women did periodized high intensity resistance and impact exercise for a year, and spine bone density was maintained versus a significant decline in the non-exercise control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 128 women · 52 weeks · 2010Early postmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

192. Previously sedentary postmenopausal women aged 60 to 70 walked briskly for 12 months, and researchers found reduced heel bone loss and improved fitness compared with non-walkers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 78 women · 52 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 45 timesPubMed

193. Postmenopausal women walked for 30 weeks at different intensities; higher intensity walking above specific thresholds preserved leg bone density and increased leg lean mass.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 43 women · 30 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

194. In a 6-month trial of 51 postmenopausal women, whole-body vibration and Pilates both increased bone density at the lumbar spine and trochanter compared with a control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 51 women · 26 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

195. 203 postmenopausal women received personal bone density results or not over 18 months; receiving the results increased calcium intake but did not change exercise levels.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 203 women · 78 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

196. Urban Malaysian women aged 45 plus followed a lifestyle intervention for 18 to 20 months, which slowed postmenopausal spine and hip bone loss compared with controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 279 women · 80 weeks · 2005Midlife womenCited 28 timesPubMed

197. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis did 12 months of progressive high-impact exercise, which increased femoral neck bending strength without harming knee cartilage.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

198. Postmenopausal women doing simplified Tai Chi resistance training or traditional Tai Chi for 12 months maintained lumbar bone density, while a non-exercising control group lost bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 119 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

199. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of high-intensity jump-based aquatic exercise, which increased spine, hip, and whole body bone density and improved agility and leg strength versus untrained controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 24 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed

200. A review of five studies found strength training increased or maintained lumbar spine bone density, and often femoral neck density, in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2020PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

201. Postmenopausal women doing a year of weight-bearing and resistance exercise showed modest site-specific bone density gains, with combined exercise and hormone therapy producing greater gains than either alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 90 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

202. Early breast cancer patients did a 12 month step aerobics and impact exercise program; premenopausal women kept hip bone density benefits for 3 years but not 5, with no bone effect seen in postmenopausal women.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 444 women · 260 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed

203. A review of 39 studies with 3349 peri and postmenopausal women found high-intensity resistance and impact training programs were reported with moderate to good quality, but progression details were often incomplete.

     Direction not statedSystematic review · 3,349 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

204. Eighty six breast cancer survivors did 12 months of aerobic impact exercise training, and postmenopausal trainees showed small improvements in bone structural strength, agility and grip strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

205. Sedentary postmenopausal women did foot stamping, squats and line dancing; the program maintained hip bone density and improved leg strength and balance.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 45 women · 2007PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

206. 373 premenopausal women aged 44 to 50 given a 5-year diet, weight-loss and physical activity program had greater hip bone loss than control women who gained weight.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 373 women · 260 weeks · 2007PerimenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

207. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 12 months of bone-loading exercise plus calcium and vitamin D, and researchers found smaller bone density gains than with risedronate, but some improvement versus no-treatment control.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 276 women · 52 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

208. A systematic review evaluated treatments including exercise for preventing fractures in postmenopausal women, among drug and non-drug options.

     Direction not statedSystematic review · 2011PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

209. Postmenopausal women aged 60 to 70 started, continued, or stopped brisk walking for a year; starting walking increased calcaneal ultrasound attenuation, while stopping walking decreased calcaneal bone density.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 68 women · 52 weeks · 2001PostmenopausalCited 37 timesPubMed

210. Osteopenic postmenopausal women doing 12 months of whole-body vibration training showed no improvement in bone structure, balance, or muscle strength compared to controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 31 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 31 timesPubMed

211. In women around age 61, calcium supplementation before and during vigorous treadmill walking attenuated the rise in parathyroid hormone seen with exercise, compared to a control beverage.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 23 women · 2014PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed

212. In 26 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia, 12 weeks of low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improved strength, a bone formation marker and balance, similar to higher-intensity training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

213. Postmenopausal Korean women who completed a 12-week lifestyle program combining exercise, education and calcium-vitamin D supplementation showed greater improvements in bone health knowledge and behaviors than controls.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 41 women · 12 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

214. Older postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did impact plus resistance training versus stretching, and younger women in the exercise group showed more hip bone density benefit than older women.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 106 women · 2012PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

215. Postmenopausal women did a 6-month supervised exercise weight-loss program with placebo, raloxifene or hormone therapy, and weight loss was linked to reduced bone density, especially without raloxifene or hormone therapy.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 94 women · 26 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

216. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of whole-body vibration or multicomponent training; both reduced total fat mass and increased knee and ankle strength, with no change in bone density.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 38 women · 24 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

217. Postmenopausal women did 9 months of resistance training or stretching with ibuprofen or placebo; exercise did not change bone density but increased strength and reduced body fat versus stretching.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 90 women · 36 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

218. In women aged 40 to 55 on chemotherapy for breast cancer, a home-based physical activity program was less effective than zoledronic acid at preventing bone mineral density loss over 12 months.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 62 women · 52 weeks · 2009OtherCited 28 timesPubMed

219. Sedentary postmenopausal women with back problems did four years of therapeutic exercise, and compliant participants showed slowed bone loss and fewer back complaints than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 92 women · 208 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

220. A 6-month unilateral high-impact hopping program in postmenopausal women aged 55 to 70 increased femoral neck bone density with no adverse effects on knee osteoarthritis imaging markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 26 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

221. Postmenopausal women who trained psoas muscles for one year lost less lumbar bone density than those who trained deltoid muscles instead.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 67 women · 52 weeks · 1993PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

222. Older postmenopausal women did 6 months of local vibration training, which improved isometric muscle strength but did not change bone density, muscle mass, or physical performance.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 35 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

223. Postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy did strength training three times a week for 24 weeks and showed less bone loss at the spine and femoral neck than untrained women.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

224. A systematic review of 34 studies in postmenopausal women found strength training improved body composition, muscle strength and bone density, while added protein gave no extra strength benefit.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 1,541 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

225. In postmenopausal women on osteoporosis medication, 13 months of resistance training three times weekly improved bone density, leg strength and quality of life more than training twice weekly or no training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 56 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

226. Inactive postmenopausal women who did recreational team handball twice weekly for 16 weeks showed improved lumbar spine bone density, bone markers and postural balance versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 67 women · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

227. Early postmenopausal women did a 12 month periodized bone and endurance exercise program and showed less lumbar spine bone loss than a low-intensity wellness control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 85 women · 52 weeks · 2013Early postmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

228. Active women aged 56 to 75 did 6 months of low-load high-repetition resistance training (BodyPump), which reduced lumbar spine bone loss and increased strength compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

229. Inactive pre-menopausal women with mild hypertension who did one year of small-sided soccer training had greater reductions in blood pressure and fat mass, and improved bone mineral density, lipids and fitness than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 31 women · 52 weeks · 2017OtherCited 25 timesPubMed

230. This trial protocol will test whether 9 months of Tai Chi reduces bone turnover and affects bone density in 86 postmenopausal women with osteopenia, compared with standard care, results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 86 women · 39 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

231. A review of 17 trials in Korean postmenopausal women found combined aerobic and resistance training improved bone density at the spine, hip, and other sites more consistently than either alone.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2016PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

232. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did 10 months of land or aquatic exercise; land exercise improved muscle strength, flexibility, gait time, pain and bone density more than aquatic exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 43 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

233. In a 12 month trial, 170 sedentary overweight postmenopausal women doing moderate aerobic exercise showed no significant change in bone density or lean mass versus stretching controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 170 women · 52 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

234. In 244 women aged 45 to 65 doing a 4-month resistance exercise program, adding a fortified milk drink gave extra gains in lean mass, bone content and balance but not in muscle strength versus exercise with placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 216 women · 16 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

235. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training, which did not cause vertebral fractures and improved thoracic kyphosis versus a low-intensity home program.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 32 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed

236. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of whole body vibration or multi-component training, with both groups showing similar gains in knee and ankle strength and body composition changes.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 38 women · 12 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

237. In postmenopausal women with low bone mass, 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training improved hip bone density and strength measures more than low-intensity Pilates-based exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 102 women · 32 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

238. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 9 months of resistance exercise plus either whole body vibration or balance training twice weekly, and bone density increased at the distal tibia in both groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 57 women · 39 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

239. This protocol describes a planned trial testing 4 months of aquatic resistance exercise on knee cartilage, pain, function, bone and quality of life in postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 80 women · 16 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

240. In a 1 year trial, 15 early postmenopausal women did low or high impact exercise 3 days a week; both groups maintained bone density while non-exercisers lost bone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 15 women · 52 weeks · 1992Early postmenopausalCited 43 timesPubMed

241. Postmenopausal women did a 1 year trunk resistance exercise program three times weekly, and researchers found no significant difference in bone density versus controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 49 women · 52 weeks · 1992PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

242. Osteopenic postmenopausal women took soy protein alone or with 12 weeks of resistance exercise 4 times weekly; the combined group showed greater gains in muscle strength and bone measures.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

243. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia and a healed wrist fracture did a 6-month weighted vest and balance exercise programme, showing no significant difference from education alone in strength, bone density, balance or quality of life.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 80 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

244. In 31 breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors, 12 weeks of whole-body vibration did not change bone turnover markers, body composition, or physical function versus usual care.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

245. Overweight postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of resistance training with or without DHA supplementation, with training maintaining bone mineral content, increasing lean mass and strength, and improving glucose tolerance.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

246. In 614 postmenopausal women at high osteoporosis risk, two years of tai chi or calcium and vitamin D supplementation were linked to differing changes in grip strength and bone turnover markers across groups.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 614 women · 104 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

247. Postmenopausal women did resistance training or stretching for 9 months; resistance training preserved lower leg muscle density better than stretching, while ibuprofen with exercise reduced bone content at the wrist.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 90 women · 39 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

248. In 35 BRCA-positive breast cancer survivors after surgical menopause, a 12 month web-based lifestyle program maintained cardiovascular fitness and bone area and reduced body fat versus control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 52 weeks · 2017OtherCited 18 timesPubMed

249. Overweight postmenopausal women followed for six months after a 12 week diet with or without exercise showed those who kept exercising had greater fat loss, but bone density was not affected in either group.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 118 women · 78 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

250. In 24 sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity, 10 weeks of low-volume walking reduced body weight, fat mass, blood glucose and HbA1c, raised fitness, and did not change bone markers.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 24 women · 10 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

251. Postmenopausal women did 6 months of unilateral hopping exercise; the exercising leg showed increased trabecular bone number and formation rate at the shin bone compared to the non-exercising leg.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 10 women · 26 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

252. In 62 sedentary postmenopausal women with low bone ultrasound scores, 6 months of aquatic or weight-bearing exercise both increased calcaneal bone ultrasound attenuation versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 62 women · 26 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

253. A review of 6 RCTs found strength training and walking improved bone density and lean mass in early postmenopausal women, but no exercise type improved these outcomes during perimenopause.

     Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2025PerimenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

254. Retracted review of four studies found resistance training for 3 to 12 months had some beneficial but mostly non-significant effects on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis.

     Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

255. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did a 12-week exercise program and showed significant changes in blood markers of bone enzyme activity compared to before treatment.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 74 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

256. A review of nine studies of yoga in men and postmenopausal women at increased fracture risk found no effect on quality of life, with mixed or unclear effects on other outcomes and some fracture reports.

     Direction not statedSystematic review · 2022PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

257. Older postmenopausal women aged 73 to 88 did a 12 month weight-bearing exercise program; five years after stopping, bone density and neuromuscular function gains were lost in both exercisers and controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 34 women · 260 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

258. Overweight or obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors lost weight through diet plus physical activity over 12 months and showed no harmful changes in bone mineral density.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 81 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

259. Postmenopausal women did 6 months of single-leg standing exercise; overall hip bone density did not improve versus controls, though women aged 70 and older showed increases.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 94 women · 26 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

260. Older postmenopausal women did 32 weeks of elastic band resistance training with or without seawater supplementation and researchers found resistance training, not the supplement, drove improved strength and lower body fat.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 93 women · 32 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

261. Postmenopausal women did 2 years of fast walking or high impact training with calcium and vitamin D, and high impact training improved femoral neck bone density more than walking.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 34 women · 104 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

262. In a 9-year follow-up of peri-menopausal women from an exercise trial, hormone therapy use, not the original exercise program, was linked to maintained bone mineral content, while fitness declined with age regardless.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 80 women · 468 weeks · 2005PerimenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

263. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of multimodal exercise wearing weighted vests, which reduced a bone resorption marker and improved ankle strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

264. In postmenopausal women with low bone mass, 12 months of weighted jogging and resistance exercise improved some hip bone strength measures similarly to risedronate, with neither clearly superior.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 276 women · 52 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

265. 52 postmenopausal women with osteopenia did Kinect-based virtual reality training three times weekly for 24 weeks and showed greater bone density gains and lower fracture risk scores than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 24 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

266. In women aged 50 to 75 over two years, calcium supplements reduced spinal and hip bone loss only in those with lower physical activity, not in those with higher activity levels.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 418 women · 104 weeks · 2019Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed

267. In 32 postmenopausal women aged 62 to 75, six weeks of stair climbing, electrostimulation, or both increased leg strength and vertical jump, with combined training also affecting bone density.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 32 women · 6 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

268. Over 12 months, early postmenopausal women doing continuous or intermittent jumping exercise maintained bone density at the spine and hip, while a control group lost significant bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 52 weeks · 2020Early postmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

269. Inactive postmenopausal women did recreational team handball training for 36 weeks and researchers reported improved fitness, knee strength, lumbar spine bone density, and lipid markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 36 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

270. Postmenopausal women doing Yi Jin Jing plus elastic band resistance exercise for six months showed increased bone mineral density across the body versus a control group that declined.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 26 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

271. Fifty postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 12 weeks of light to moderate aerobic walking; bone formation and resorption markers did not differ from controls, but pain, walking speed and balance improved.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 50 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

272. Perimenopausal women aged 45 to 55 practiced Tai Chi Rouli Ball exercise and showed increased spine bone density and bone mineral content along with higher estrogen levels compared to a no-intervention control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 2024PerimenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

273. Postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 20 week program of aerobic, balance and strength training and researchers found improved bone quality measures and leg strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 20 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

274. In early postmenopausal osteopenic women, stopping a high intensity exercise programme for 3 months led to losses in lean mass, strength and power versus continued light exercise, though bone density loss was not significant.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 54 women · 13 weeks · 2021Early postmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

275. Perimenopausal women randomized to physical training, hormone replacement therapy, or control for 18 months showed that both training and HRT prevented spine bone density loss seen in the control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 78 weeks · 2005PerimenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

276. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 12 months of vibration or resistance training, bone density was maintained in all groups, and resistance training improved quality of life and postural control.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 65 women · 52 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

277. 914 older women aged around 76 were followed for 2 years in an exercise intervention trial, and better balance and functional test scores predicted fewer falls and fall injuries.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 914 women · 104 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

278. In 151 postmenopausal women over one year, multifunctional training with or without whole-body vibration increased lumbar spine bone density, and vibration training reduced falls versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 151 women · 52 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

279. UK postmenopausal women who walked briskly for about 20 minutes a day for one year showed genotype-dependent bone density changes, with one vitamin D receptor genotype group gaining spinal bone density versus controls.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 69 women · 52 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

280. In 250 postmenopausal women, a 6 month wrist-stress exercise program increased cortical bone area and content at the forearm but decreased trabecular bone density compared to controls.

     Mixed resultsControlled trial · 234 women · 26 weeks · 1999PostmenopausalCited 110 timesPubMed

281. Inactive women aged 30 to 50 did 12 weeks of Zumba or Aquagym; Zumba improved hip and femoral neck bone density compared with controls, while total bone mineral content did not differ.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 55 women · 12 weeks · 2019Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

282. Perimenopausal women did 48 weeks of Tai Chi or brisk walking; Tai Chi increased lumbar spine bone density and walking increased femoral neck density, effects persisting 8 weeks after stopping.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 48 weeks · 2022PerimenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

283. Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women did jogging, gymnastics and wrist weight exercises for up to a year, which stopped bone density loss at the wrist after the first six months.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 83 women · 52 weeks · 1998Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

284. Early postmenopausal osteopenic women did 16 years of supervised and home exercise, and the exercise group reported fewer fractures and less bone density loss than controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 105 women · 832 weeks · 2015Early postmenopausalCited 75 timesPubMed

285. Postmenopausal women did high-intensity resistance, weight-bearing and balance training twice weekly for 8 months and showed greater gains in lumbar spine bone density and muscle performance than a low-intensity group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 32 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

286. Sedentary postmenopausal women did one 30 minute session of high intensity interval exercise with or without whole body vibration, and both raised bone markers and improved working memory task performance, vibration more so.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 63 women · 2025PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

287. In postmenopausal women aged 65 to 76, a single bout of whole-body vibration altered a circulating microRNA linked to bone resorption, while resistance exercise did not change microRNA levels.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 10 women · 2022PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

288. Early postmenopausal women who did high-resistance strength training and high-impact aerobics for 3 years maintained bone density at the spine and hip, unlike controls who lost bone.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 78 women · 156 weeks · 2006Early postmenopausalCited 85 timesPubMed

289. Postmenopausal women who walked over 7.5 miles per week had higher whole-body bone density and slower leg bone loss than those walking less than 1 mile per week.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 239 women · 52 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalCited 89 timesPubMed

290. In postmenopausal women doing 12 weeks of resistance training, adding L-carnitine supplementation changed some blood markers but did not change bone mineral density compared with placebo.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 27 women · 12 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

291. 115 postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training or low-intensity Pilates, and pelvic floor related quality of life did not differ between groups.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 115 women · 32 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

292. A 12 month trial in 49 elderly women found contrast and hypertrophy resistance training both increased whole body and lumbar spine bone density, with contrast training showing greatest gains versus declines in controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 52 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

293. 372 breast cancer patients randomized to a 1-year exercise program or control were followed 10 years, and bone density change did not differ between the exercise and control arms.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 372 women · 260 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

294. Overweight postmenopausal women who lost weight with or without aerobic exercise over 6 months and were followed for a year showed similar bone density loss in both groups.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 52 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

295. In postmenopausal women with osteopenia, 24 weeks of high-intensity resistance training improved bone mineral density and content more than low-intensity training, which in turn outperformed controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 24 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

296. In postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of Nordic walking with a resistance shock absorber improved femur strength index and shoulder muscle torque but did not change whole-body or spine bone density.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 25 women · 8 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

297. Postmenopausal women did daily psoas muscle resistance exercises for 3 years, and researchers found less lumbar bone loss than in women who did not train.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 156 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

298. Early postmenopausal women did weight training three times weekly for 9 months, and researchers reported lumbar spine bone density increased compared to non-exercising controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 26 women · 39 weeks · 1992Early postmenopausalCited 119 timesPubMed

299. Postmenopausal women did a 12-month exercise and nutrition program then 6 months of voluntary home exercise; most physical benefits were maintained but bone and balance gains were not fully sustained with low exercise frequency.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 45 women · 78 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

300. Review of four studies found resistance training for 3 to 12 months had some beneficial but mostly non-significant effects on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis.

     Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

301. Overweight postmenopausal women added walking to a weight loss program and showed a 2% increase in femoral neck bone density versus weight loss alone, linked to reduced inflammatory markers.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 86 women · 2009PostmenopausalCited 59 timesPubMed

302. Early postmenopausal women did 12 months of exercise with or without alendronate; exercise raised muscle power, balance and aerobic capacity but gains faded 15 months after stopping.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 102 women · 65 weeks · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

303. Abdominally obese postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of endurance or endurance-strength training, with the combined group showing increased whole-body bone density and both groups improving physical capacity.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 101 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

304. Postmenopausal women did a 20-week graduated walking program with or without hormone therapy; walking alone did not change bone turnover markers and added no benefit to hormone therapy.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 22 women · 20 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

305. Postmenopausal women did weighted vest plus jumping exercise three times weekly for 5 years, maintaining hip bone density while non-exercising controls lost bone at the hip.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 18 women · 260 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 86 timesPubMed

306. In 43 osteopenic postmenopausal women, a 24-week walking plus step exercise program increased femoral neck bone density, strength and fitness versus a non-exercising control group.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 43 women · 24 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

307. Postmenopausal women did low-impact dance three times weekly for 16 weeks, and researchers reported improvements in a bone formation marker and parts of cognitive and functional fitness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

308. Seventy one sedentary postmenopausal women did aerobic exercise with or without whole body vibration; both groups reported improved cognitive accuracy and bone-related markers, with vibration plus aerobic exercise more effective.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 71 women · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

309. Early-postmenopausal osteopenic women did a 16-year supervised exercise program and showed consistently higher spine and hip bone density than non-exercising controls throughout the period.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 67 women · 832 weeks · 2016Early postmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

310. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia who did 24 weeks of aerobic dance showed increased femoral neck bone density, grip strength, and physical quality of life compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 80 women · 24 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

311. Early postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 14 month high-impact, strength and endurance program and had increased lumbar spine bone density, strength and fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 100 women · 60 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

312. In 60 postmenopausal women, 16 weeks of aerobic or combined aerobic plus strength training improved body composition and metabolic markers, but leg lean mass returned to pre-training levels after 6 months of detraining.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 60 women · 16 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

313. Japanese postmenopausal women with sarcopenia did light-load power training twice weekly for 6 weeks and showed improved pelvis bone density and knee strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 15 women · 6 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

314. Early postmenopausal osteopenic women followed a 12-year supervised exercise program; bone density loss at spine and hip was significantly smaller than in controls, though fracture risk reduction was not statistically significant.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 85 women · 624 weeks · 2012Early postmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

315. Perimenopausal women aged 30 to 35 took dietary calcium or calcium citrate plus physical activity three times weekly for seven months; researchers measured changes in biochemical bone markers.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 82 women · 30 weeks · 2005PerimenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

316. Postmenopausal Masters-level athletes doing regular high intensity exercise took hormone therapy or placebo for 20 weeks; hormone therapy reduced bone resorption markers but not bone formation markers.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 15 women · 20 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

317. Postmenopausal women with osteosarcopenia did 6 months of supervised resistance training plus nutrition support, improving muscle mass and grip strength more than home exercise, with no difference in bone density.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 34 women · 24 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

318. A one-year weight training program added to dance exercise increased muscular strength in middle-aged women but did not significantly increase overall bone mineral density.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 54 women · 52 weeks · 1991Midlife womenCited 39 timesPubMed

319. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did strength training twice weekly for 6 months and showed no bone loss in the spine and femoral neck, unlike controls who lost significant bone density, while strength rose sharply.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 31 women · 26 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

320. In menopausal women, 8 weeks of walking or bone joint exercise increased estrogen and bone mineral density and decreased RANKL and PTH compared to a control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 8 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

321. In a 6-month RCT, moderate physical exercise increased urinary bone collagen crosslinks and improved muscle strength and flexibility in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 70 women · 26 weeks · 2017Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

322. In 135 postmenopausal women followed one year, physical activity and drug use were significant factors associated with lumbar spine bone density increasing rather than declining.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 135 women · 52 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

323. After a 10-month aerobics or aerobics plus weight training program, postmenopausal women aged 57 to 83 had forearm bone mineral content increase, while controls lost bone.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 31 women · 43 weeks · 1990PostmenopausalCited 37 timesPubMed

324. In 146 postmenopausal women followed about 3 years, forearm bone density declined less in those who exercised regularly than in irregular exercisers or controls, but only 48% complied regularly.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 146 women · 156 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

325. Postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 6 month strength training protocol and researchers found a small but significant increase in lumbar spine bone density versus no change in controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 29 women · 26 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

326. Early postmenopausal women did high impact aerobic, jumping and resistance exercise for 50 months, maintaining spine bone density and improving cholesterol, body fat and strength versus non-training controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 68 women · 217 weeks · 2007Early postmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

327. A 12-month closed-kinetic-chain weight training program in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis did not significantly increase bone density versus baseline, but outperformed a non-exercising control group.

     Mixed resultsControlled trial · 59 women · 52 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

328. In a 25-year study, postmenopausal women who were moderately physically active had slower forearm bone loss than inactive women.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 112 women · 2014PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

329. Postmenopausal women aged 55 to 65 did supervised combined aerobic and weight-bearing exercise three times weekly for 12 weeks and showed favourable changes in bone turnover markers and improved walk and chair-stand performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

330. Postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis did 24 weeks of home leg exercises with or without vitamin D3 or E, and all groups improved in symptoms and strength with no added benefit from supplements.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 80 women · 24 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

331. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass and past fractures followed a long-term home exercise program, but showed no differences in fracture rates, falls, or bone density versus controls.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 25 women · 2000PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

332. In a trial of 40 peri and early postmenopausal women, 9 months of twice weekly heavy strength and impact training increased lean mass, muscle strength, leg power, and lumbar spine bone density versus a waitlist control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 39 weeks · 2026PerimenopausalPubMed

333. A 6-month pilot trial in 36 postmenopausal women combining weight-bearing aerobic exercise with calcium and vitamin D fortified meals found no significant difference in bone density between groups.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 36 women · 26 weeks · 2026Early postmenopausalPubMed

334. Diabetic postmenopausal women did treadmill walking before or after meals; exercising after meals raised bone formation markers and lowered insulin resistance more than exercising before meals.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 15 women · 2019PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

335. In 63 postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes and fatty liver disease, 8.6 months of Nordic walking maintained femur and spine bone density while non-exercising controls lost bone density.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 63 women · 37 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

336. In a follow-up of 33 postmenopausal Korean women with osteosarcopenia, six months after stopping resistance or home exercise, muscle strength, gait speed and bone density declined while muscle mass stayed stable.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 33 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

337. Thirty postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 6 months of high-impact plus resistance exercise, which slowed regional bone density loss and improved estimated bone strength in parts of the spine versus controls.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 30 women · 26 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

338. Postmenopausal women on alendronate did resistance training, judo, water aerobics or no exercise for 12 months; resistance training and judo groups showed greater gains in spine bone density, balance and quality of life than controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 35 women · 52 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

339. In premenopausal women with obesity, Greek yogurt after high-intensity interval cycling altered bone turnover marker responses compared with a carbohydrate pudding over 24 hours.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 20 women · 2026OtherPubMed

340. In 160 postmenopausal women, an education program promoting walking and nutrition was linked to increased lumbar spine bone density at 12 months versus a control group whose density decreased.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 160 women · 52 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

341. In 40 postmenopausal women, 24 weeks of walking and strength training combined with dieting increased muscle strength, while bone density and VO2max did not change.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 40 women · 24 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

342. In postmenopausal women followed 5 years, bone density fell after stopping hormone therapy and in never-users, while usual physical activity did not noticeably change bone loss in any group.

     No difference foundCohort study · 961 women · 260 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

343. An 11-month combined weight-bearing and water exercise program in postmenopausal women with low bone density increased hip t-score and preserved bone quality versus non-exercising controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 125 women · 48 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

344. Overweight postmenopausal women did combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise plus diet for 12 weeks and lost more fat with preserved lean mass versus diet alone.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 118 women · 12 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalPubMed

345. In postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis, 13 to 15 weeks of heavy strength training increased muscle strength in both groups and altered muscle gene expression linked to bone density.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 35 women · 15 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

346. In 309 Australian women aged 36 to 57, higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not sedentary time, was associated with better bone density, leg strength and functional mobility.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 309 women · 2017Midlife womenCited 39 timesPubMed

347. In 580 postmenopausal English women, stair climbing and brisk walking pace, but not total activity, were linked to higher bone density at the hip and whole body.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 580 women · 1999PostmenopausalCited 47 timesPubMed

348. In a 4-month endurance exercise weight-loss program in obese postmenopausal women, bone strength estimate (section modulus) decreased significantly before bone density changes appeared.

     Mixed resultsControlled trial · 24 women · 16 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

349. Inactive postmenopausal women did 3 months of daily one legged jumping exercise and researchers found bone material strength increased in the exercised leg compared to the control leg.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 47 timesPubMed

350. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass who did 3 months of weight-bearing and resistance exercise showed increased bone formation markers, strength, and improved quality of life.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

351. In women aged 45 to 53, recent physical activity was one of the strongest correlates of calcaneal ultrasound bone measures and femoral neck bone density.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 393 women · 1999Midlife womenCited 36 timesPubMed

352. Over 2 years in 223 early postmenopausal women, certain physical activity domains like transport and domestic activity were inversely linked to bone density measures.

     Reported a worseningCohort study · 223 women · 104 weeks · 2026Early postmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

353. Postmenopausal women aged around 62 did 16 weeks of resistance training, gaining 32 to 98% in strength, with bone mineral density unchanged and a small decrease in body weight.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 27 women · 16 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 39 timesPubMed

354. Among 30 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors entering an 18-month bone health program, 80% had abnormal baseline bone mineral density scores.

     Reported a worseningBefore-and-after study · 30 women · 78 weeks · 2001PostmenopausalCited 31 timesPubMed

355. Postmenopausal women did 19 weeks of community-based high- and odd-impact, resistance and balance training and showed reduced body fat and modest bone density gains but no change in strength or balance.

     Mixed resultsControlled trial · 22 women · 19 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

356. In a cross-sectional survey of 254 postmenopausal Kenyan women, researchers found no statistically significant association between exercise and osteoporosis prevalence.

     No difference foundCross-sectional study · 254 women · 2020PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

357. In 21 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, a 12-month program of home strength training plus alendronate, calcium and vitamin D improved balance, muscle strength and spine and hip bone density.

     Mixed resultsBefore-and-after study · 21 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

358. 77 postmenopausal women with low bone mass did water-based weight-bearing exercise for 12 months, improving fitness and wellbeing but not preventing spinal bone density decline.

     Reported a worseningBefore-and-after study · 77 women · 52 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

359. Among 340 early postmenopausal women, physical activity level was not significantly associated with biochemical markers of bone turnover.

     No difference foundCross-sectional study · 340 women · 2001Early postmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

360. Postmenopausal women with low bone density did 16 weeks of home-based hopping exercise; femoral neck and hip bone density and physical function measures like chair stand and stair climb time improved.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 44 women · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

361. In 50 postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis, current physical activity measured by accelerometer and questionnaire was positively associated with femoral neck bone density and tibial microarchitecture.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 50 women · 2020PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

362. Postmenopausal women who did systematic strength training for 6 months lost far less bone density in the hip and spine than a non-exercising control group.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 31 women · 26 weeks · 1993PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

363. Among 60 postmenopausal women, worse single-leg balance and slower timed-up-and-go walking tests were associated with lower bone mineral density on DEXA scans.

     Reported a worseningCross-sectional study · 60 women · 2021PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

364. Breast cancer survivors within 2 years of menopause did a 16 to 24 week weighted walking programme, which maintained weight and bone markers without significant change overall.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 26 women · 24 weeks · 2008Early postmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

365. In a 52-week pilot study of 50 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, a home exercise app produced greater gains in hip bone density and quality of life than a pamphlet.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 50 women · 52 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

366. In 234 postmenopausal women, higher leisure physical activity scores were linked to greater cortical bone mass and strength at the radius and tibia.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 234 women · 2010PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

367. Postmenopausal women did supervised high-intensity gymnastics three times weekly for 19 weeks and showed increased lumbar spine and hip bone density, while controls lost bone.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 33 women · 19 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

368. In 13 postmenopausal women, a single resistance exercise session raised bone markers osteocalcin, sclerostin, and OPG more than interval running did 24 hours later.

     Mixed resultsControlled trial · 13 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

369. Postmenopausal women who had trained in resistance exercise or aquatic weight-bearing exercise for years had higher bone density at several sites than non-trained controls, with no difference between the two exercise types.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 63 women · 2013PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

370. Among 500 women in Sindh screened for bone density, those reporting regular exercise had over five times lower prevalence of osteoporosis than those without.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 500 women · 2016Midlife womenCited 5 timesPubMed

371. A review reported that in postmenopausal women, high-impact and resistance exercise only mildly increased or maintained bone density, while swimming showed no effect.

     Mixed resultsOther · 2009PostmenopausalCited 238 timesPubMed

372. Fourteen early postmenopausal women performed jumps, box-drops, heel-drops and stamps; jumps and box-drops produced the greatest acceleration and muscle activation, suggesting more bone benefit.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 14 women · 2019Early postmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

373. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did a 6-month weighted-vest and education program, with high adherence and improved quadriceps strength and hip bone density.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

374. In 27 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, higher physical activity correlated with greater vigor and vitality, but no relationship was found between activity level and bone density.

     No difference foundCross-sectional study · 27 women · 2002PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

375. A case study of a 71-year-old woman who began resistance training at 63 reported greater muscle mass, strength, bone density and fitness than age-matched postmenopausal controls.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 1 women · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

376. Twenty-nine postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of alternating aerobic and resistance training, which increased limb bone density and circulating irisin while waist circumference decreased.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 29 women · 24 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

377. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis did high-impact training, impact plus calcium/vitamin D, or brisk walking plus supplements for 2 years; the impact plus supplement group showed the largest bone density gains.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 39 women · 104 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

378. A review reported that combining walking with other weight-bearing exercise, along with calcium and vitamin D, helped reduce bone mineral density loss and fractures in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2010PostmenopausalCited 119 timesPubMed

379. A review reported that high-intensity resistance training increased strength and muscle size in sedentary postmenopausal and frail elderly women, including nursing home residents.

     Reported an improvementOther · 100 women · 1995Midlife womenCited 64 timesPubMed

380. Among well-trained women, postmenopausal participants had lower spine, pelvis and total bone mineral density than premenopausal eumenorrheic women despite exercising.

     Reported a worseningCross-sectional study · 42 women · 2023PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

381. In severely obese women, researchers found physical activity of 150 minutes or more per week was associated with higher hip bone mineral density.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 104 women · 2020Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

382. This review reported that vigorous aerobic and strength training generally increased bone density in postmenopausal women, while walking alone was relatively ineffective.

     Mixed resultsOther · 1992PostmenopausalCited 135 timesPubMed

383. A 70 year old postmenopausal woman with osteoporosis did 12 months of power based resistance training and showed increased bone density at the spine and hip and reduced fall risk.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 1 women · 52 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

384. In 234 postmenopausal women doing 5 months of interval walking training, bone mineral density at the spine and femoral neck increased more in those with lower baseline bone density.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 234 women · 20 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

385. A review reported that postmenopausal women taking high dose creatine may gain skeletal muscle size and function, with favorable bone effects when combined with resistance training.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2021PostmenopausalCited 62 timesPubMed

386. In a cross-sectional NHANES study of postmenopausal women, high physical activity combined with moderate sleep duration was associated with the lowest odds of osteoporosis.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 4,775 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

387. This narrative review summarized medical literature finding that regular exercise in midlife and postmenopausal women is linked with reduced obesity, cancer, dementia, mood symptoms, and osteoporosis.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2015Midlife womenCited 56 timesPubMed

388. In 38 postmenopausal women with low bone density, 8 months of weekly OsteoStrong sessions did not improve hip or spine bone density, though some physical function measures improved.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 38 women · 32 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

389. A review of trials and cohort studies found physical activity slows bone loss in postmenopausal women in a dose dependent manner and may increase bone mineral density.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2009PostmenopausalCited 58 timesPubMed

390. Three elderly women did 40 weeks of jumping, balance and strength exercise, with or without raloxifene, which improved balance, gait speed and leg strength but had limited effect on bone density.

     Mixed resultsBefore-and-after study · 3 women · 40 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

391. A review reported that resistance training programs in older adults produced modest bone mineral density gains of about 1 to 3 percent per year in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2006PostmenopausalCited 58 timesPubMed

392. A review reported that whole body vibration training showed gains or maintenance of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, with muscle performance gains similar to resistance training.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2008Midlife womenCited 49 timesPubMed

393. A review reported that combining progressive resistance training with walking or aerobic dance may help spine and hip bone density, while whole body vibration did not improve bone density in postmenopausal women.

     Mixed resultsOther · 2012PostmenopausalCited 44 timesPubMed

394. In 10 postmenopausal women with osteopenia, 6 months of combined high-impact and resistance exercise was linked to maintained spine bone density, correlating with greater spinal loading from the exercises.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 10 women · 26 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

395. Obese postmenopausal women did 8 months of whole body vibration or resistance training, with both groups showing higher bone density at the hip and spine and improved BMI and waist to hip ratio.

     Reported an improvementOther · 80 women · 35 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

396. This review examined human exercise trials in older and postmenopausal women and found that exercise programs that increase bone size in younger people often fail to do so in elderly bone.

     No difference foundOther · 2012PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

397. A biomechanical modeling study in postmenopausal women found fast walking and running produced higher femoral neck bone strains than normal walking, suggesting potential to help preserve bone density.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2018PostmenopausalCited 32 timesPubMed

398. A literature review reported that exercise, especially high impact activities like stepping and jumping, produced modest bone density benefits in postmenopausal women and reduced hip fracture incidence.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1999PostmenopausalCited 39 timesPubMed

399. In a 12-month case series, peri and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis using brief weekly high-intensity osteogenic loading showed modest lumbar spine bone density increases that lost significance after statistical correction.

     Mixed resultsOther · 147 women · 52 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed

400. This protocol describes an 8-month trial testing whether high-intensity resistance and impact training with or without osteoporosis medication changes bone density in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, no results yet.

     Direction not statedOther · 160 women · 32 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

401. In 8 pre-menopausal women with idiopathic osteoporosis, a year of walking and training plus calcium and vitamin D increased spine bone density by 3.5% but not femoral neck.

     Mixed resultsBefore-and-after study · 8 women · 52 weeks · 2008OtherCited 1 timesPubMed

402. This protocol describes a one-year trial in 324 men and postmenopausal women with low bone density comparing moderate versus high intensity resistance training on spine bone density, with no results yet.

     Direction not statedOther · 324 women · 52 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

403. This review reported that resistance training produced beneficial effects on muscle, bone and adipose tissue, improving quality of life in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2010PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

404. This protocol describes an 8 month trial testing high-intensity resistance and impact exercise combined with romosozumab versus low-intensity exercise in 102 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 102 women · 32 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

405. A review reported that calcium supplementation plus aerobic training increased femoral neck cortical bone density in postmenopausal women, while exercise also increased trabecular bone in the spine.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1998Midlife womenCited 25 timesPubMed

406. A review reported that habitual running and aerobic exercise were linked to higher bone density, better fitness, lower blood pressure and reduced coronary risk in women including postmenopausal groups.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1991Midlife womenCited 29 timesPubMed

407. A review of postmenopausal women found estrogen or soy isoflavones combined with exercise training may increase bone mineral density more than either alone, and slightly increased lean mass.

     Mixed resultsOther · 2008PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

408. A position statement concluded regular exercise may reduce bone loss rate and improve muscle strength and balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, though less effective than estrogen for bone density.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2000PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

409. A protocol describes a 9 month mHealth guided jumping and fast walking program in 120 postmenopausal women to test effects on bone density, with results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 120 women · 36 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

410. A review reported that weight-bearing activity and resistance training may reduce bone loss after menopause, and activities improving strength and balance may lower fall and fracture risk.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1998Midlife womenCited 19 timesPubMed

411. A review reported that aerobic and resistance exercise in menopausal women was linked to improved cardiovascular fitness, increased bone mineral content, greater muscle strength and reduced body fat.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1990Midlife womenCited 21 timesPubMed

412. A review discussed resistance exercise as a potential way to protect bone and muscle in postmenopausal women with type 1 diabetes, noting no studies yet exist in this specific population.

     Direction not statedOther · 2021PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

413. A pilot RCT protocol will test a 9-month high-intensity resistance and impact training program in 40 perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, assessing feasibility and bone, muscle and function measures.

     Direction not statedOther · 40 women · 36 weeks · 2025PerimenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

414. This review reported that perimenopausal and postmenopausal women benefit from endurance and strength exercise, improving fitness, bone health, and quality of life.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2000Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

415. A review reported that long-term exercise programmes, especially weight-bearing activities, reduce age-related bone loss in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2012PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

416. This narrative review reported that weight-bearing and resistance physical activity is linked to greater bone density, while replacing sedentary time with light activity benefits bone health in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2025Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

417. A review reported that combining exercise training with estrogen replacement may increase bone mass more than exercise alone in postmenopausal women, though human trials with other compounds are lacking.

     Mixed resultsOther · 2004PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

418. This review reported that both aerobic exercise and weight training help maintain or build bone density in postmenopausal women, with weight training also improving strength and balance.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1999PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

419. This protocol describes a planned network meta-analysis comparing multicomponent training and high-intensity interval training effects on bone density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

     Direction not statedOther · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

420. A review of 11 studies found aerobic exercise gave a mild protective effect on bone density and reduced fat mass in postmenopausal women with obesity, especially combined with resistance training or caloric restriction.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2024PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

421. A narrative review reported that resistance training and weight-bearing activities like running or walking increased bone mineral density in young people and slowed bone density decline in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1995PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

422. A trial protocol will compare 12 weeks of urban dance versus functional fitness against a control group for physical and psychological effects in postmenopausal women aged 40 to 59.

     Direction not statedOther · 12 weeks · 2025Early postmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

423. This protocol describes a trial testing whole-body vibration, high-intensity resistance and impact training, or both, over 9 months in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, measuring hip bone density.

     Direction not statedOther · 36 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

424. Twelve postmenopausal women performed hip resistance exercises at varying intensities, and researchers found high-intensity hip abduction and extension produced bone strains exceeding osteogenic thresholds.

     Reported an improvementOther · 12 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

425. A review reported that prospective controlled trials found physical training can increase bone density to varying degrees in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2006PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

426. A review on nonhormonal menopause management discussed evidence for diet and exercise in preventing osteoporosis and managing menopause symptoms, without giving specific outcome data.

     Direction not statedOther · 2004Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

427. A 55-year-old postmenopausal breast cancer survivor following a supervised resistance, aerobic and balance program with diet and supplements for 16 months saw bone density rise at the spine and hip.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1 women · 70 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

428. A review synthesized evidence on combining structured exercise with functional foods and supplements like vitamin D in postmenopausal women, finding the clinical evidence for bone and quality of life benefits remains heterogeneous.

     Mixed resultsOther · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

429. A primary care guideline review recommended adults 50 and older, including postmenopausal women, do balance, functional, and resistance training twice weekly to help manage fracture risk.

     Direction not statedOther · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

430. A review reported that combined muscle strengthening, aerobic, progressive resistance and high impact exercise programs were linked to increased bone mineral density, and balance exercises reduced falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2014PostmenopausalPubMed

431. A review reported that exercise and nutritional supplements helped increase or slow loss of bone mineral density after menopause, but benefits faded once the intervention stopped.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2004PostmenopausalPubMed

432. A review of cross-sectional and prospective studies found that exercise, especially weight-bearing exercise, increased or preserved bone mineral content in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1995PostmenopausalPubMed