Muscle strength: what 372 studies found

• Reported an improvement 290
• No difference found 27
• Mixed results 16
• Reported a worsening 7
• Direction not stated 32

Narrow by exercise type:

• Resistance training 241
• Exercise with supplements 65
• Aerobic plus resistance 49
• Impact and jumping 37
• Balance and functional training 36
• Whole-body vibration 35
• Other aerobic exercise 31
• Exercise with diet 18
• Walking 17
• Exercise with hormone therapy 16
• Other exercise 15
• General physical activity 14
• Water-based exercise 11
• Tai chi and qigong 9
• High-intensity intervals 8
• Pilates 4
• Stretching 4
• Yoga 3
• Pelvic floor training 3

1. A meta-analysis of 129 trials in postmenopausal women found aerobic, resistance and combined training increased cardiorespiratory fitness and lower-body strength, while only resistance training increased upper-body strength.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 7,141 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

2. A review of seven trials with 400 women found exercise therapies showed very uncertain or little effect on joint pain, stiffness, grip strength or quality of life from aromatase inhibitor side effects.

   No difference foundMeta-analysis · 400 participants pooled · 2020PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

3. A review of 28 randomised trials in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 65 found walking combined with resistance training could preserve weight and bone density and increase muscle strength.

   Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2,646 participants pooled · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 219 timesPubMed

4. A meta-analysis of 19 trials in postmenopausal women found adding exercise to medicine or supplements improved lumbar spine bone density, leg muscle strength, balance, and quality of life.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,249 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

5. A meta-analysis of 27 RCTs in women aged 40 to 60 found exercise improved lean body mass and grip and knee strength, with resistance training three times weekly for at least six weeks most effective.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,989 participants pooled · 2023Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

6. A meta-analysis of 21 RCTs in 748 healthy women found whole-body vibration training for 12 or more weeks improved lower-body muscle strength and power, with postmenopausal women gaining more power than premenopausal.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 748 participants pooled · 12 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

7. A meta-analysis found whey protein combined with resistance training improved biceps strength and lower limb lean mass in postmenopausal women, but had no benefit without resistance training.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2022PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

8. A review of eight randomised trials in climacteric women found aerobic exercise improved menopause symptoms and quality of life, while resistance training strengthened muscles and increased bone density.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2025Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

9. A meta-analysis of 16 studies found circuit resistance training improved strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition in middle-aged and older women compared with controls.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2022Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

10. A meta-analysis of seven trials, median 38 weeks, found creatine supplementation, especially with resistance training, modestly increased lean mass and leg-press strength in postmenopausal women without changing bone density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 608 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

11. A meta-analysis of 126 studies in 4019 women found resistance training improved strength and reduced fat mass similarly in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, with no significant subgroup difference.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 4,019 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

12. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found resistance training significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake and upper and lower body strength in healthy postmenopausal women, with less clear effects on bone density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

13. A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs in postmenopausal women with sarcopenia found exercise interventions improved muscle mass, strength and physical function such as gait speed.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 744 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

14. A meta-analysis of 11 trials in women aged 60 and over with sarcopenic obesity found exercise reduced body fat percentage and improved muscle mass and handgrip strength, with no change in gait speed.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 532 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

15. A meta-analysis of 10 trials found chair-based exercise improved muscle endurance, flexibility and dynamic balance in postmenopausal women, but not handgrip strength or static balance.

    Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 509 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

16. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of whole body vibration or resistance training; vibration increased hip bone density and muscle strength, while resistance training and controls showed no bone density change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 24 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 445 timesPubMed

17. A review of 7 studies in adults over 50, including postmenopausal women, found combined tai chi and resistance training improved muscle strength, aerobic endurance, balance, and mobility after long term training.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 703 participants pooled · 2020Midlife womenCited 17 timesPubMed

18. A review of 38 studies in women aged 45 to 80 found resistance training sessions over about 15 weeks improved muscle mass, strength, and functional fitness.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2,519 participants pooled · 15 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 12 timesPubMed

19. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of twice weekly high intensity resistance and impact training, which improved spine and hip bone density and functional performance versus a low intensity home program.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 101 women · 32 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 260 timesPubMed

20. Sedentary postmenopausal women did high-intensity strength training twice weekly for one year and showed increased hip and spine bone density, muscle mass, strength and balance compared with controls who declined.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 52 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalCited 546 timesPubMed

21. A meta-analysis of 20 trials found water-based exercise improved muscle strength, aerobic capacity and flexibility versus no exercise in postmenopausal women, with similar effects to land-based exercise.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

22. A meta-analysis of 14 trials with 763 women across reproductive stages found protein, amino acid or creatine supplementation added to exercise did not improve muscle mass or bone density but improved bench press and handgrip strength.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 763 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

23. Postmenopausal women trained with whole-body vibration or resistance training 3 times weekly for 24 weeks; both groups showed similar increases in knee-extension strength and jump performance versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 89 women · 24 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 222 timesPubMed

24. Fifty six postmenopausal women did a 1 year resistance training program, and authors found strength-type training increased bone density at hip and forearm sites more than endurance-type training.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 56 women · 52 weeks · 1996Early postmenopausalCited 248 timesPubMed

25. Postmenopausal women with low vitamin D took placebo or cholecalciferol for a year, and researchers found no differences in bone density, muscle mass, muscle function or falls between groups.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 230 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 117 timesPubMed

26. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did a 1 year resistance plus impact program versus stretching; the resistance group showed significantly greater gains in leg and bench press strength.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 106 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 142 timesPubMed

27. Postmenopausal women did back-strengthening exercise for 2 years; 10 years later the exercise group had stronger back muscles, higher bone density, and fewer vertebral fractures than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 104 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 206 timesPubMed

28. A systematic review of 12 RCTs found strength exercises in menopausal women reported improvements in leg and pelvic floor strength, bone density, metabolic and hormonal markers, blood pressure, and hot flashes.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2023Midlife womenCited 24 timesPubMed

29. Women aged 50 to 57 did 12 months of high-impact exercise with or without hormone therapy; combined exercise plus hormones increased knee strength, jump height and muscle area more than either alone.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2001Early postmenopausalCited 169 timesPubMed

30. In 101 postmenopausal women with obesity over 12 months, severe energy restriction caused greater weight and fat loss than moderate restriction but also greater hip bone density loss, with no difference in handgrip strength.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 101 women · 52 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 103 timesPubMed

31. Sedentary postmenopausal women and frail nursing home residents did high intensity strength training, and researchers found significant gains in strength and functional status.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 100 women · 1997PostmenopausalCited 161 timesPubMed

32. Early postmenopausal women doing 12 months of jumping exercise, with or without alendronate, showed no change in spine or hip bone density but improved leg power, balance and cardiorespiratory fitness.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 164 women · 52 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 117 timesPubMed

33. In 100 frail nursing home residents, a high intensity strength training program increased strength and spontaneous activity compared with sedentary controls, who showed no change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 100 women · 1999PostmenopausalCited 136 timesPubMed

34. Women with breast cancer on chemotherapy did 6 months of aerobic or resistance exercise; aerobic exercise better preserved bone density and both improved fitness and strength versus usual care.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 66 women · 26 weeks · 2007Midlife womenCited 117 timesPubMed

35. A review of five whole-body vibration training studies in postmenopausal women aged 60 to 80 found increased muscle strength and small improvements in lumbar spine and hip bone density.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 368 participants pooled · 2014PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

36. A review found exercise in peri and postmenopausal women modestly increases or preserves bone density and improves muscle strength and balance, but direct proof it reduces fractures is lacking.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2004Midlife womenCited 25 timesPubMed

37. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 6 months of Tai Chi with or without green tea extract; both increased bone formation markers and improved muscle strength.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 150 women · 26 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 78 timesPubMed

38. In 113 institutionalized elderly women over 6 months, whole body vibration training did not improve muscle strength, mass or hip bone density beyond vitamin D supplementation alone.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 113 women · 26 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 80 timesPubMed

39. Sedentary middle-aged women did 10 weeks of resistance training using elastic bands or weight machines, both of which reduced fat mass and increased fat-free mass and function.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 10 weeks · 2008Midlife womenCited 103 timesPubMed

40. 24 postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of combined resistance and endurance training, which reduced arterial stiffness, blood pressure and heart rate, and increased leg and handgrip strength versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 107 timesPubMed

41. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did 4 months of home-based low-intensity back-strengthening exercise, which improved quality of life and back extensor strength more than control.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 16 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 91 timesPubMed

42. Twenty three obese postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of resistance training and researchers found increased strength and reduced C-reactive protein, leptin and TNF-alpha, with no change in body composition.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 23 women · 12 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 103 timesPubMed

43. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 57 did a year of high-impact lower-limb training with or without hormone therapy, with jump height and running speed improving in hormone and combined groups.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 51 women · 52 weeks · 2005Early postmenopausalCited 99 timesPubMed

44. In 29 postmenopausal women, 6 months of high-frequency vibration platform training increased muscle power by about 5% but did not change bone density or muscle force.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 29 women · 26 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 114 timesPubMed

45. Postmenopausal women aged around 68 did 18 months of twice-weekly aerobic and strength training with or without vibration; lean mass improved and vibration slightly favored leg strength gains.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 151 women · 78 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

46. 25 early postmenopausal women did high-load or high-repetition resistance training for 6 months, both groups gained similar muscle strength and size but neither improved spine or hip bone density.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 26 weeks · 2000Early postmenopausalCited 121 timesPubMed

47. Postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence did pelvic floor muscle exercises for eight sessions over a month, with biofeedback improving strength and quality of life more than exercise alone.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 4 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

48. Obese postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of low-intensity resistance training with or without diet, and researchers found resistance training combined with diet improved arterial stiffness and muscle strength while preserving lean mass.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 41 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 79 timesPubMed

49. Women averaging 69 years did an 18 month multipurpose exercise program and researchers reported increased lean mass and strength and reduced body fat compared to an active control group.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 246 women · 78 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 56 timesPubMed

50. Postmenopausal women did low or high volume resistance training three times weekly for 16 weeks, and both groups gained strength while high volume training reduced waist size, cholesterol and inflammation more.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 16 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 70 timesPubMed

51. Postmenopausal women doing whole body vibration training with squats three times weekly for a year gained lumbar spine bone density and leg strength compared with a low-intensity gymnastics control group.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 52 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

52. Early postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of moderate or high intensity resistance training; high intensity training increased hip bone density and both groups gained muscle strength and mass, but spine bone density did not improve.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 24 weeks · 2000Early postmenopausalCited 104 timesPubMed

53. Women aged 32 to 59 did 12 weeks of moderate resistance training or aerobic training; resistance training did not increase arterial stiffness, while aerobic training reduced it, and neither changed blood pressure.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 12 weeks · 2009Midlife womenCited 79 timesPubMed

54. Postmenopausal women did 8 months of resistance training with or without whole-body vibration, with vibration adding extra strength gains but neither improving bone density or bone markers.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 55 women · 35 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 70 timesPubMed

55. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia did 12 weeks of squat based maximal strength training and researchers found increased strength and increased bone mineral content at the spine and hip.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 83 timesPubMed

56. Postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures did six months of group exercise and coping classes, improving trunk strength and psychological symptoms versus health education controls, with no change in pain.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 185 women · 26 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 63 timesPubMed

57. In 43 sedentary postmenopausal Brazilian women, 16 weeks of resistance training increased muscle mass and strength, linked to a rise in IGF-1 compared to controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 43 women · 16 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 76 timesPubMed

58. Postmenopausal women with osteoporotic spinal fractures did 10 weeks of balance and strength physiotherapy training, reporting less pain, improved quality of life, and improved muscle strength.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 53 women · 10 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 91 timesPubMed

59. Postmenopausal women aged 49 to 55 took hormone therapy or placebo, each with or without exercise, and researchers found exercise improved bone density mainly in the placebo group, with no added effect when combined with estrogen.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 78 women · 104 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 83 timesPubMed

60. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of aquatic resistance exercise or elastic band training, both reducing body fat and blood pressure and improving strength and fitness tests similarly.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 46 women · 24 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 69 timesPubMed

61. 92 postmenopausal women with obesity did diet, physical-cognitive exercise, or both for 3 months, and exercise groups showed improved memory, BDNF, insulin and body fat versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 92 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 42 timesPubMed

62. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis who did 12 months of progressive high-impact training gained femoral neck bone mass and improved balance, strength and fitness, with no change in cartilage composition.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 76 women · 52 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed

63. Over 14 weeks, postmenopausal women adding whole-body electromyostimulation to their usual endurance and strength training maintained resting metabolic rate and gained more strength than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 14 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

64. Postmenopausal women aged 40 to 66 did a 1 year supervised resistance training program and gained lean mass and strength, with fat loss seen mainly in those also on hormone therapy.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 233 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed

65. Postmenopausal women doing resistance training for 12 months with creatine supplementation showed less femoral neck bone loss and greater strength gains than resistance training with placebo.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

66. Fifteen sedentary postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of low intensity resistance training, which significantly increased muscle strength but did not change blood lipid profiles or body composition.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 15 women · 8 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 95 timesPubMed

67. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with bone loss did 24 months of strength training and reported significantly improved muscle strength and balance versus non-exercisers, with no significant difference in falls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 110 women · 104 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 54 timesPubMed

68. In postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, 6 weeks of interval or continuous aerobic training both improved cardiorespiratory fitness by about 12%, with interval training also improving strength and weight more.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 6 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 58 timesPubMed

69. Overweight postmenopausal women did a 12 month weight loss program with aerobic exercise plus vitamin D3 or placebo, and vitamin D did not improve lean mass or bone density but leg strength decreased more.

    Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 218 women · 52 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

70. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training or low-intensity Pilates-based training; the high-intensity program increased spine bone density and muscle strength more.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 115 women · 35 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

71. Postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of elastic band resistance training, with or without blood flow restriction, and both groups similarly increased strength and lean body mass.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 14 women · 8 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 67 timesPubMed

72. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did 18 weeks of progressive quadriceps strength and proprioception training and had fewer falls, better balance and quality of life than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 85 women · 18 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 50 timesPubMed

73. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 75 did 9 months of weighted vest exercise and showed improved balance, leg strength and power versus controls, but no change in femoral neck bone mass.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 44 women · 39 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 75 timesPubMed

74. In 44 healthy postmenopausal women, 12 months of daily heel drops plus weekly high-impact classes did not significantly increase bone density at any site versus low-impact controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 44 women · 52 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 78 timesPubMed

75. Healthy postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of resistance training three times weekly; it lowered metabolic syndrome risk score, fasting glucose, and body fat, and increased strength and lean mass.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 16 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 59 timesPubMed

76. In a 20-week RCT, postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension who swam 3 to 4 days a week showed reduced arterial stiffness and blood pressure and increased strength and aerobic capacity versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 100 women · 20 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

77. Postmenopausal women who did 8 months of twice-weekly whole-body vibration, low or higher intensity, maintained hip and spine bone density while controls lost bone, and improved muscle function.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 32 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed

78. Obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressure did 8 weeks of whole-body vibration training with or without L-citrulline, and vibration training increased leg strength and lowered leg artery stiffness.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 41 women · 8 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed

79. Postmenopausal women with bone loss did 24 weeks of strength or circuit training; both groups gained muscle strength and fitness but bone density did not change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 24 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

80. In 107 sedentary women aged 50 to 60, 13 weeks of brisk walking with or without poles similarly improved peak oxygen uptake, with no major differences between the two methods.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 107 women · 13 weeks · 2007Midlife womenCited 47 timesPubMed

81. Early postmenopausal women with osteopenia doing high-intensity weight-bearing resistance training three times weekly for about 13 months improved spine bone density, lean mass, body fat, strength and menopausal symptoms versus low-intensity controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 54 women · 56 weeks · 2021Early postmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

82. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 52 weeks of hip-targeted strength, balance and jumping exercise with calcium, and showed a small hip bone density benefit plus better quality of life versus controls.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 39 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 49 timesPubMed

83. In postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension, 12 weeks of stair climbing four days a week reduced arterial stiffness and blood pressure and increased leg strength compared to no change in controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 41 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 42 timesPubMed

84. In a 10-week RCT, postmenopausal women with low bone mass doing step aerobics three times weekly showed reduced bone resorption marker change and improved muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance versus controls, with no BMD change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 48 women · 10 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

85. In 33 postmenopausal women over 12 weeks, both low-intensity resistance training and whole-body vibration improved blood vessel function and leg strength, while resistance training also improved gait speed.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 42 timesPubMed

86. In 116 postmenopausal women with a recent wrist fracture, hormone replacement therapy plus calcium over 48 weeks did not improve muscle strength, balance or reduce falls compared with calcium alone.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 116 women · 48 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

87. In postmenopausal women aged 60 and over, a 12-week Pilates program improved lower-body strength and functional flexibility versus controls, but did not improve global cognitive function.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 110 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 32 timesPubMed

88. In early postmenopausal women doing 12 weeks of resistance training, those also given transdermal estrogen gained more muscle mass and fat-free mass than those on placebo.

    Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2020Early postmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

89. Older postmenopausal cancer survivors did tai ji quan, strength training, or stretching twice weekly for 6 months and researchers found no difference in fall incidence between groups.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 462 women · 26 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

90. Over 2 years, postmenopausal women doing resistance training and walking with creatine supplementation showed no extra bone density benefit over placebo, but some bone geometry and lean mass measures improved.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 237 women · 104 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

91. Postmenopausal women with prehypertension or hypertension who did 12 weeks of whole-body vibration training had reduced arterial stiffness and blood pressure and increased leg strength versus no-exercise controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 12 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

92. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did 6 months of balance and strength exercise and showed improved static and dynamic balance and upper and lower limb strength compared with controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 65 women · 26 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

93. In 39 postmenopausal women, 12 months of twice-weekly progressive resistance training increased one-repetition-maximum strength in leg press, leg extension and lat pull-down versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 52 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

94. Obese women averaging 56 years old did 6 months of resistance training three times versus once weekly, and the higher-frequency group showed greater gains in handgrip strength and phase angle.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 24 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 35 timesPubMed

95. Patients with knee osteoarthritis, including postmenopausal women, did 6 weeks of isokinetic or aerobic exercise and reported less pain and more muscle strength, with no significant drop in inflammatory markers.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 6 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 39 timesPubMed

96. Postmenopausal women did 26 weeks of unilateral or bilateral strength training, with the unilateral group gaining more lower-body lean tissue mass than non-training controls.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 50 women · 26 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

97. Obese postmenopausal women walked and strength trained with diet and GH or IGF-I injections for 12 weeks; all groups lost fat and gained muscle strength without losing lean mass.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 12 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 60 timesPubMed

98. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did a 12 week program combining resistance, balance and aerobic exercise; the exercise group improved functional measures like Timed Up and Go and fall-efficacy more than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 96 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

99. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis did a 12-month supervised impact exercise program, which improved patellar cartilage quality, leg strength, and aerobic capacity versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 31 timesPubMed

100. Postmenopausal women did strength training three times weekly for 12 months, with or without etidronate, and gained muscle strength and lean mass and lost fat, but exercise did not add to bone density gains from the drug.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 48 women · 52 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

101. In early postmenopausal women doing 24 weeks of strength training, those given a protein and calcium supplement after sessions gained more muscle mass, strength and femoral neck bone density than placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 weeks · 2008Early postmenopausalCited 87 timesPubMed

102. Postmenopausal women with low bone density who did whole-body vibration plus calcium and vitamin D for 24 weeks had greater increases in leg muscle work and lumbar and femoral bone density than those taking supplements alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 43 women · 24 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

103. Postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia did 21 weeks of combined strength and endurance training, which improved leg strength, workload, walking and stair climbing, and fatigue.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 21 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 44 timesPubMed

104. Elderly postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of supervised resistance training versus stretching; the resistance group gained muscular strength and reduced systolic blood pressure by 5 mmHg.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 29 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

105. In postmenopausal women at high risk of type 2 diabetes, 12 weeks of high-intensity bodyweight training and combined aerobic-resistance training both improved muscle mass, walk test performance and insulin resistance, but only combined training increased strength.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 37 timesPubMed

106. Postmenopausal women did a 24 week high intensity aquatic exercise program and researchers reported fewer falls and improved strength, balance and mobility compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 24 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

107. A review of four trials of tai chi in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis found a positive effect on balance but no clear support for benefits in muscle strength or quality of life.

     No difference foundSystematic review · 2014PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

108. Over 14 weeks, postmenopausal women doing circuit resistance training with energy-restricted diets and calcium or vitamin D supplements showed improved strength, aerobic capacity and varying body composition changes by diet and supplement combination.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 128 women · 14 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

109. Eighty six breast cancer survivors did 12 months of aerobic impact exercise training, and postmenopausal trainees showed small improvements in bone structural strength, agility and grip strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

110. Sedentary postmenopausal women did foot stamping, squats and line dancing; the program maintained hip bone density and improved leg strength and balance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 2007PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

111. Osteopenic postmenopausal women doing 12 months of whole-body vibration training showed no improvement in bone structure, balance, or muscle strength compared to controls.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 31 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 31 timesPubMed

112. Postmenopausal women took hormone therapy or placebo for 6 months; grip strength rose in both groups and knee strength did not change, with no difference between groups.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 40 women · 26 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

113. Middle-aged and elderly women did 6 months of heavy resistance training and showed large gains in leg strength, up to 66%, with smaller increases in quadriceps muscle size.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 42 women · 26 weeks · 1998Midlife womenCited 430 timesPubMed

114. In 26 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia, 12 weeks of low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improved strength, a bone formation marker and balance, similar to higher-intensity training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

115. In 60 postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures, 6 weeks of supervised back-strengthening exercise improved spinal pain, muscle strength, mobility and quality of life more than a home program or control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 6 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

116. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of whole-body vibration or multicomponent training; both reduced total fat mass and increased knee and ankle strength, with no change in bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 24 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

117. Postmenopausal women did 9 months of resistance training or stretching with ibuprofen or placebo; exercise did not change bone density but increased strength and reduced body fat versus stretching.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 90 women · 36 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

118. In a 16-week RCT, postmenopausal women doing circuit-style functional training with elastic bands and walking reduced body fat and improved strength, coordination, agility and cholesterol levels versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 16 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

119. Older postmenopausal women did 6 months of local vibration training, which improved isometric muscle strength but did not change bone density, muscle mass, or physical performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

120. Postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy did strength training three times a week for 24 weeks and showed less bone loss at the spine and femoral neck than untrained women.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

121. A systematic review of 34 studies in postmenopausal women found strength training improved body composition, muscle strength and bone density, while added protein gave no extra strength benefit.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 1,541 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

122. In postmenopausal women on osteoporosis medication, 13 months of resistance training three times weekly improved bone density, leg strength and quality of life more than training twice weekly or no training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 56 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

123. In 32 postmenopausal women, 16 weeks of resistance training with soy protein added to milk increased muscle strength more than resistance training with milk alone, while muscle mass gains were similar.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 16 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

124. Active women aged 56 to 75 did 6 months of low-load high-repetition resistance training (BodyPump), which reduced lumbar spine bone loss and increased strength compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

125. Trained postmenopausal women doing 12 weeks of multiple-set resistance training gained 3.5 to 5.5 percent in strength measures, while single-set training showed small strength decreases.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 71 women · 17 weeks · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

126. Postmenopausal women with prehypertension or hypertension who did 6 weeks of whole-body vibration training showed reduced aortic blood pressure and wave reflection and increased leg muscle strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 6 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

127. Postmenopausal women with impaired glucose tolerance did 12 weeks of eccentric knee resistance training, gaining leg lean mass, strength and walk distance, with insulin sensitivity unchanged.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

128. Postmenopausal and elderly women did 12 weeks of traditional or cluster-set resistance training; both methods similarly improved strength, power and functional performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 66 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

129. Breast cancer patients did 16 weeks of resistance plus HIIT or aerobic plus HIIT during chemotherapy; at 5 years fatigue did not differ from usual care, but gluteal pain sensitivity was reduced with resistance HIIT.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 240 women · 16 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 13 timesPubMed

130. In postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome, 8 weeks of resistance training or HIIT reduced weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar, with HIIT improving metabolic markers more and resistance training improving muscle mass and strength more.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 8 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

131. Postmenopausal women did 6 weeks of twice-weekly hypertrophic resistance training and showed improved resting heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, body fat, and muscle strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 37 women · 6 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

132. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did 10 months of land or aquatic exercise; land exercise improved muscle strength, flexibility, gait time, pain and bone density more than aquatic exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 43 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

133. Over 9 months, postmenopausal women doing resistance training gained muscle mass and strength and limited fat gain, while soy isoflavone supplementation alone did not change body composition.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 71 women · 39 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

134. In 244 women aged 45 to 65 doing a 4-month resistance exercise program, adding a fortified milk drink gave extra gains in lean mass, bone content and balance but not in muscle strength versus exercise with placebo.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 216 women · 16 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

135. In postmenopausal women, 8 months of whole-body vibration or walking differently improved fitness measures, with walking better for walking speed and chair rise, vibration better for vertical jump.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 27 women · 35 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

136. Twenty-two postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of progressive resistance training, and researchers found increased strength, reduced waist circumference, cholesterol and blood glucose, with no change in blood pressure.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 22 women · 12 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

137. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of water-based combined aerobic and resistance training, with both exercise orders increasing upper and lower body strength and muscle thickness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 21 women · 12 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

138. Postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis did 12 weeks of resistance training with creatine or placebo; creatine group showed greater gains in physical function, lean mass and quality of life.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 52 timesPubMed

139. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of whole body vibration or multi-component training, with both groups showing similar gains in knee and ankle strength and body composition changes.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 12 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

140. Women recently through menopause did brisk walking with resistance training for 15 weeks and improved leg strength and walking time, but not balance, with 92% adherence.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 134 women · 15 weeks · 2006Early postmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

141. Postmenopausal women did 10 weeks of high volume resistance training with or without whey protein, and strength and muscle thickness increased in both groups equally.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 12 women · 10 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

142. Postmenopausal women did a 1 year trunk resistance exercise program three times weekly, and researchers found no significant difference in bone density versus controls.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 49 women · 52 weeks · 1992PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

143. Postmenopausal women with stage-2 hypertension did 12 weeks of Taekwondo training, and researchers reported decreased blood pressure, arterial stiffness and epinephrine, and increased grip and leg strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

144. Postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia who did 6 weeks of exercise with or without added whole-body vibration both improved quality of life and strength, with greater strength gains in the vibration group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 6 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

145. Obese postmenopausal women who did 12 weeks of whole body resistance training 3 days a week gained muscular strength and had lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 21 women · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

146. In 28 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia, 12 weeks of home-based trunk strengthening exercise improved spinal mobility, trunk strength, and some quality of life domains versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 12 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

147. Postmenopausal women did periodized resistance training for 16 weeks; high responders gained more leg press strength than low responders, and leptin fell over time in both groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 16 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

148. Osteopenic postmenopausal women took soy protein alone or with 12 weeks of resistance exercise 4 times weekly; the combined group showed greater gains in muscle strength and bone measures.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

149. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia and a healed wrist fracture did a 6-month weighted vest and balance exercise programme, showing no significant difference from education alone in strength, bone density, balance or quality of life.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 80 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

150. In 30 postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia, a 6 week exercise program with added whole body vibration improved one balance stability measure more than exercise alone, with no other differences.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 30 women · 6 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

151. Hypertensive postmenopausal women did low-intensity resistance training with L-citrulline for 8 weeks and showed improved leg blood vessel function, lean mass and leg strength versus placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 8 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

152. Overweight postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of resistance training with or without DHA supplementation, with training maintaining bone mineral content, increasing lean mass and strength, and improving glucose tolerance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 36 timesPubMed

153. Postmenopausal women doing 16 weeks of resistance training with either 3 or 6 sets per exercise gained similar muscle strength, with no change in basal hormone levels.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 16 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

154. Twenty postmenopausal women did high-intensity treadmill training for 3 months, and researchers reported added infrared light improved muscle power and reduced leg fatigue versus training alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

155. In 614 postmenopausal women at high osteoporosis risk, two years of tai chi or calcium and vitamin D supplementation were linked to differing changes in grip strength and bone turnover markers across groups.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 614 women · 104 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

156. In 35 BRCA-positive breast cancer survivors after surgical menopause, a 12 month web-based lifestyle program maintained cardiovascular fitness and bone area and reduced body fat versus control.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 35 women · 52 weeks · 2017OtherCited 18 timesPubMed

157. Postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of water-based exercise with or without blood flow restriction; adding blood flow restriction increased leg strength more than water exercise alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 8 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

158. Postmenopausal women did 11 weeks of resistance training three times weekly, and high-volume training reduced post-meal blood fat levels more than low-volume training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 11 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

159. Overweight postmenopausal women who did 6 months of combined resistance and aerobic training increased leg and bench press strength and muscle mass index, with no added benefit from isoflavones.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 26 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

160. A systematic review of 12 studies on menopausal sarcopenia reported that 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise plus resistance training, with protein and vitamin D, was an effective management strategy.

     Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2025Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

161. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did back extensor exercise with or without eldecalcitol for 24 weeks; eldecalcitol increased quadriceps strength but balance, walking and fall rates did not differ.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 226 women · 24 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

162. Breast cancer survivors who did Nordic walking showed improved trunk muscle endurance and posture compared with a general gymnastics control group, with age-related differences.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 2021Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

163. Older postmenopausal women aged 73 to 88 did a 12 month weight-bearing exercise program; five years after stopping, bone density and neuromuscular function gains were lost in both exercisers and controls.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 34 women · 260 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

164. Postmenopausal women over 50 did 12 weeks of Thera-Band resistance training; strength and fat-free mass increased, but gains were lost after 4 weeks of detraining.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

165. Women aged 45 to 60 did a 12-week leg exercise program on a vibrating or non-vibrating platform, and vibration did not improve leg strength or power more than exercise alone.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 39 women · 12 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed

166. In obese postmenopausal women over 12 weeks, both HIIT and combined training reduced body fat and increased leg lean mass, but only combined training increased muscle strength and fast walking speed.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

167. Older postmenopausal women did 32 weeks of elastic band resistance training with or without seawater supplementation and researchers found resistance training, not the supplement, drove improved strength and lower body fat.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 93 women · 32 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

168. Sedentary women aged 40 to 60 did a balance-strategy training program twice weekly for 12 weeks, improving balance, ankle flexibility and leg muscle strength versus controls, with benefits maintained at 9 months.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 12 weeks · 2009Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed

169. In a 9-year follow-up of peri-menopausal women from an exercise trial, hormone therapy use, not the original exercise program, was linked to maintained bone mineral content, while fitness declined with age regardless.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 80 women · 468 weeks · 2005PerimenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

170. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of multimodal exercise wearing weighted vests, which reduced a bone resorption marker and improved ankle strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

171. In 30 postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of resistance training increased muscle mass and strength, with branched-chain amino acid supplementation not adding further benefit.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 8 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

172. Six months of heavy resistance and power training in middle-aged and older men and women increased maximal strength by about 27 to 35 percent and increased type II muscle fibre area in women.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2001Midlife womenCited 205 timesPubMed

173. Postmenopausal women aged 60 to 75 did one year of whole body vibration training three times weekly; leg and trunk strength increased and joint pain decreased versus a gymnastics control group, body composition unchanged.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 52 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

174. In a 12-week trial, 55 postmenopausal women doing resistance training, with or without a high-protein diet, increased skeletal muscle mass and strength more than diet alone or control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 55 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

175. Postmenopausal women with low bone density did 9 months of resistance training plus either whole body vibration or balance training; vibration produced greater gains in jump power.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 57 women · 36 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

176. In middle-aged women, 12 weeks of HMB plus vitamin D combined with resistance training or sedentary behavior reduced fat within muscle but did not change muscle function.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 43 women · 12 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

177. Over 10 weeks, sedentary postmenopausal women doing aerobic and strength training with or without whole-body electrostimulation improved strength, agility and speed, with added cardiovascular benefit from electrostimulation.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 34 women · 10 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

178. Untrained women aged 45 to 55 did 3 months of endurance or strength training, improving fitness or strength, but knee cartilage thickness and volume on MRI did not change.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 12 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 15 timesPubMed

179. In 36 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, 12 weeks of resistance training increased strength by about 25 to 35% and fatigue decreased, alongside changes in kynurenine metabolism markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

180. In 32 postmenopausal women aged 62 to 75, six weeks of stair climbing, electrostimulation, or both increased leg strength and vertical jump, with combined training also affecting bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 6 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

181. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of higher or lower volume resistance training; both improved exercise tolerance and strength similarly despite the higher-volume group gaining more muscle mass.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

182. Inactive postmenopausal women did recreational team handball training for 36 weeks and researchers reported improved fitness, knee strength, lumbar spine bone density, and lipid markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 36 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

183. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of whole body vibration, circuit resistance, or aerobic training, with vibration showing no body composition benefit and a strength decrease versus other methods.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 8 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

184. Postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of low or high volume resistance training; high-volume training improved fast walking speed and waist measures more than low-volume, while strength gains were similar between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 16 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

185. Middle-aged women did 12 weeks of resistance training or walking three times weekly, and resistance training improved body image more than walking.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 12 weeks · 1993Midlife womenCited 19 timesPubMed

186. Postmenopausal women did 12 months of leg strength training with or without whole body vibration, and the vibration group showed greater leg strength gains and fewer falls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 151 women · 52 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

187. Postmenopausal women took shatavari or placebo for six weeks; proteomics of leg muscle showed pathway changes the authors said may support muscle adaptation to exercise.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 12 women · 6 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

188. Early postmenopausal women did a year of jump-based power training with or without hormone therapy, and both interventions altered skeletal muscle gene expression linked to preserving muscle power.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 weeks · 2010Early postmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

189. Postmenopausal women did 10 weeks of resistance training with normal or higher protein intake; higher protein gave a small added gain in walking speed but not strength or lean mass quality.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 47 women · 10 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

190. Postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 20 week program of aerobic, balance and strength training and researchers found improved bone quality measures and leg strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 20 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

191. Middle-aged women did 12 weeks of vibration training or conventional strength training, with vibration improving postural sway and both groups gaining knee strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 12 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 13 timesPubMed

192. In early postmenopausal osteopenic women, stopping a high intensity exercise programme for 3 months led to losses in lean mass, strength and power versus continued light exercise, though bone density loss was not significant.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 54 women · 13 weeks · 2021Early postmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

193. Obese menopausal women did 6 months of caloric restriction with or without resistance training; adding resistance training improved muscle strength more in women with low baseline strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 109 women · 26 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 9 timesPubMed

194. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did 12 months of vibration or resistance training, bone density was maintained in all groups, and resistance training improved quality of life and postural control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 65 women · 52 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

195. 914 older women aged around 76 were followed for 2 years in an exercise intervention trial, and better balance and functional test scores predicted fewer falls and fall injuries.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 914 women · 104 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

196. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did back extensor exercise with or without added vitamin D3, and strength gains did not differ overall but were greater with D3 in women under 68.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 94 women · 16 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

197. In menopausal women aged 50 to 65, a 12 week SaBang-DolGi walking program improved physical measures and mental well-being compared to a control group.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 9 timesPubMed

198. In 58 women within 5 years of menopause, 3 months of twice-weekly muscle strengthening exercise increased leg muscle strength but did not improve 6-minute walk distance, heart rate, or blood pressure.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2012Early postmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

199. Postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of resistance training 3 times weekly, and both protein timing groups gained lean mass, strength, and walking performance with no difference between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 8 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

200. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 10 weeks of aerobic and strength training with or without whole-body electromyostimulation; the stimulation group showed greater power and velocity gains but little effect on body composition.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 10 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

201. Older postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of resistance training three times weekly; the training group showed greater gains in upper and lower limb endurance and dynamic balance than controls, but no coordination difference.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

202. Thirty postmenopausal women did an 8 week HIIT program combined with either intermittent fasting or a low calorie diet, and both groups improved flexibility and VO2 max.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 30 women · 8 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

203. 58 postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of higher or lower volume resistance training; higher volume produced greater lean mass gains but similar strength gains.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

204. After 12 weeks of resistance training, healthy postmenopausal women and postmenopausal breast cancer survivors both gained muscle thickness, strength, and physical performance, with no differences between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

205. Postmenopausal women did functional or combined training, and both groups improved walking speed, jumping ability and dressing-task time compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 2022PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

206. Postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of twice-weekly resistance training, and both groups increased muscle strength equally, with quality of life and balance improving only in the group without added light therapy.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 8 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

207. In middle-aged breast cancer survivors, resistance training increased strength and power and improved walking speed, with strength and power gains explaining the improvement.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 21 women · 2024Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

208. In older women with metabolic syndrome, 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training improved fitness and strength but did not change body composition, blood pressure or lipid and glucose profiles.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 16 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

209. In healthy older women, 8 weeks of resistance training combined with fish oil increased handgrip strength and lowered blood pressure and inflammatory markers more than resistance training with placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 8 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

210. Postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis did a 16 week Tai Chi based activity program and showed improved grip strength, walking speed, disease activity and quality of life versus usual care.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 62 women · 16 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

211. In postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of resistance training reduced intramuscular estradiol, testosterone and DHEA levels regardless of whether participants also received estrogen therapy.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

212. Postmenopausal women who did 9 weeks of whole-body resistance training with or without low-dose ibuprofen showed similar changes in lean mass and strength, with no added effect from ibuprofen.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 28 women · 9 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

213. In 44 postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of resistance training increased upper and lower body muscle strength and power, with no added benefit from vitamin D supplementation.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 44 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

214. Postmenopausal women did high-intensity resistance, weight-bearing and balance training twice weekly for 8 months and showed greater gains in lumbar spine bone density and muscle performance than a low-intensity group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 32 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

215. Middle-aged and elderly women did 6 months of heavy resistance training and gained 24-28% in maximal strength, with no systematic changes in basal sex hormone levels.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 21 women · 26 weeks · 2000Midlife womenCited 140 timesPubMed

216. In 42 postmenopausal women with thumb joint osteoarthritis, 4 weeks of strength training with or without added neuromuscular facilitation reduced disability, pain, and improved mobility and grip strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 4 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

217. In perimenopausal women with pelvic floor dysfunction, 3 months of combined Kegel and yoga exercise improved symptoms, quality of life and pelvic floor muscle strength more than Kegel exercise alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 74 women · 12 weeks · 2021PerimenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

218. A 12 month trial in 49 elderly women found contrast and hypertrophy resistance training both increased whole body and lumbar spine bone density, with contrast training showing greatest gains versus declines in controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 52 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

219. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of resistance training with different load-order schemes and both approaches improved strength, sit-to-stand power and walking speed similarly.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 24 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

220. 58 postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of periodized or non-periodized combined training; periodized groups gained more strength while all groups improved aerobic fitness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

221. In 40 overweight or obese postmenopausal women with low vitamin D, 8 weeks of water-based aerobic training with vitamin D3 improved BMI, grip strength, balance and gait speed more than either alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 8 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

222. In 26 postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of combined exercise with ursolic acid supplementation raised handgrip strength more than exercise with placebo, but waist circumference and other outcomes did not differ.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 8 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

223. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 60 who did 6 months of treadmill training combined with infrared light therapy showed greater quadriceps power and less fatigue than treadmill training alone or sedentary controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 26 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

224. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of indoor or outdoor training three times weekly, and indoor training improved body composition and fitness more while outdoor training improved blood pressure, strength and adherence.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 23 women · 12 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

225. Fourteen postmenopausal women aged 50 to 65 took beetroot juice nitrate or placebo for eight days; a 6-minute walk test improved with nitrate but other performance tests did not differ.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 14 women · 1 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

226. Postmenopausal women did 14 weeks of functional training; both element-based and task-specific programs improved functional reach, gait speed and quality of life versus control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 14 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

227. Untrained peri- and postmenopausal women who did 10 weeks of resistance training gained significant strength, with leucine supplementation adding no extra benefit to strength, fat free mass or hormones.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 10 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 5 timesPubMed

228. Overweight postmenopausal women did a 6-month weight loss program with higher-protein diet with or without supervised multicomponent exercise; exercise groups preserved strength and physical function better than diet alone.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 72 women · 26 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

229. In postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of Nordic walking with a resistance shock absorber improved femur strength index and shoulder muscle torque but did not change whole-body or spine bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 8 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

230. In sedentary middle-aged women, a 6 month Hatha yoga program three times weekly improved body fat, strength, aerobic fitness and balance compared to no training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 26 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

231. Postmenopausal women with chronic low back pain did Pilates with or without elastic resistance for 8 weeks and both groups reported less pain and more lumbar strength afterward.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 22 women · 8 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

232. Postmenopausal women did a 12-month exercise and nutrition program then 6 months of voluntary home exercise; most physical benefits were maintained but bone and balance gains were not fully sustained with low exercise frequency.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 45 women · 78 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

233. In 39 middle-aged women, 12 weeks of single-leg strength training produced crossover strength and balance gains in the untrained leg, stronger when the non-dominant leg trained.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 12 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

234. A scoping review of 69 studies found resistance training programs for postmenopausal women most often targeted body composition and muscular performance but rarely included functional exercises.

     Direction not statedSystematic review · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

235. Young, middle-aged and elderly women performed heavy resistance exercise (bench press, sit-ups, leg press) and showed significant acute strength loss, with growth hormone rising in younger and middle-aged but not elderly women.

     Reported a worseningControlled trial · 47 women · 1995Midlife womenCited 92 timesPubMed

236. In 14 postmenopausal women doing a single bout of maximal eccentric leg exercise, those not using hormone therapy showed greater muscle damage markers than those using hormone therapy.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 14 women · 2009PostmenopausalCited 81 timesPubMed

237. Early postmenopausal women did 12 months of exercise with or without alendronate; exercise raised muscle power, balance and aerobic capacity but gains faded 15 months after stopping.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 102 women · 65 weeks · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

238. Postmenopausal women did lower-load or higher-load resistance training; lower-load training gave slightly greater leg lean mass gains, with similar strength and inflammatory marker changes.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 29 women · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

239. A 12-week multicomponent exercise and cognitive program in midlife Hong Kong women, mean age 61.5, improved intrinsic capacity scores, chair stand times, muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 176 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

240. In 43 osteopenic postmenopausal women, a 24-week walking plus step exercise program increased femoral neck bone density, strength and fitness versus a non-exercising control group.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 43 women · 24 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

241. Obese women aged 40 to 50 did combined aerobic and resistance exercise for 16 weeks, and the exercise group showed significantly greater increases in chest, leg and abdominal strength than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

242. In 42 postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of Zumba training improved postural balance, lower limb strength, mood, and quality of life compared with baseline.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

243. In 42 middle-aged women after knee osteotomy, low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction at higher pressure best preserved thigh muscle size and increased strength over 12 weeks, with pain improving in all groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 12 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

244. Overweight women aged 35 to 50 did 10 weeks of HIIT or HIIT plus resistance training; strength improved with combined training and lipid and insulin markers improved in both groups, but fitness did not improve.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 27 women · 10 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

245. Peri and postmenopausal women and men did 6 weeks of resistance training with a post-workout supplement or carbohydrate only, and the supplement group gained more fat-free mass and lost more fat and waist circumference.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 20 women · 6 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

246. In 71 postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of HIIT Nordic walking increased lean mass and lower limb strength, while strength training reduced fat mass and improved upper limb strength and walking speed.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 71 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

247. In pre, peri and postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of low-impact resistance training improved hip strength, balance, flexibility and lean mass equally regardless of menopause status.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 12 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

248. Forty-seven postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of jazz dance, which improved cardiorespiratory fitness and short-term sleep quality but did not improve body composition or most strength measures.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 47 women · 16 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

249. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia who did 24 weeks of aerobic dance showed increased femoral neck bone density, grip strength, and physical quality of life compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 80 women · 24 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

250. Thirty-six middle-aged women with sarcopenia did 12 weeks of resistance exercise with or without nitrate supplementation after knee surgery, and nitrate plus exercise improved muscle mass and strength more.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 12 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

251. Women aged 63 to 79 with osteopenia or osteoporosis did 12 weeks of Nordic walking three times weekly and showed increased skeletal muscle mass, knee strength, and functional performance versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 45 women · 12 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed

252. Thirteen moderately obese postmenopausal women did 4 months of resistive training, with or without weight loss, and authors reported decreased insulin response and increased strength.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 13 women · 16 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

253. Twenty-two postmenopausal women with urinary incontinence did 12 weeks of telehealth or face-to-face pelvic floor muscle training; urinary symptoms and pelvic floor function improved in both groups with no difference between them.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 22 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

254. In older women doing 8 weeks of leg resistance training, shatavari supplementation increased training load and shortened muscle relaxation time but did not improve strength more than placebo.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 22 women · 8 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

255. Early postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 14 month high-impact, strength and endurance program and had increased lumbar spine bone density, strength and fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 100 women · 60 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

256. Sedentary overweight postmenopausal women did resistance training 1, 2 or 3 days weekly for 16 weeks; strength and muscle mass improved in all groups, but only 3 days weekly prevented rises in glucose and CRP.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 30 women · 16 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed

257. In 114 young and middle-aged breast cancer patients after surgery, moderate-to-high intensity resistance exercise improved shoulder joint mobility, pain, strength and immune markers more than low intensity exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 114 women · 2025Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

258. Japanese postmenopausal women with sarcopenia did light-load power training twice weekly for 6 weeks and showed improved pelvis bone density and knee strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 15 women · 6 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

259. In women aged 40-60, 12 weeks of strength training with or without fortified milk improved muscle mass, strength and physical function after a prior inactivity period, regardless of menopause status.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 83 women · 12 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

260. Seventy postmenopausal women did jazz dance or concurrent training for up to 12 months; both improved cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and sleep quality, with concurrent training showing greater fitness gains.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 52 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

261. Middle-aged women did 10 weeks of free-weight resistance training after a control phase, and lean mass and thigh muscle thickness increased in premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 31 women · 20 weeks · 2023Midlife womenCited 22 timesPubMed

262. Postmenopausal women with osteosarcopenia did 6 months of supervised resistance training plus nutrition support, improving muscle mass and grip strength more than home exercise, with no difference in bone density.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 24 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

263. A one-year weight training program added to dance exercise increased muscular strength in middle-aged women but did not significantly increase overall bone mineral density.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 54 women · 52 weeks · 1991Midlife womenCited 39 timesPubMed

264. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did strength training twice weekly for 6 months and showed no bone loss in the spine and femoral neck, unlike controls who lost significant bone density, while strength rose sharply.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 31 women · 26 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

265. In a 6-month RCT, moderate physical exercise increased urinary bone collagen crosslinks and improved muscle strength and flexibility in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 26 weeks · 2017Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

266. A 4 week minimal dose resistance training program in 26 menopausal women improved bench press and leg press strength, while cardiac autonomic and hemodynamic measures stayed stable.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 4 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

267. Untrained postmenopausal women doing high-repetition resistance training 2 or 3 days a week for 8 weeks showed similar gains in muscle thickness, strength and endurance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 8 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

268. Middle-aged women did low-intensity knee-extension resistance training twice weekly for 12 weeks and showed increased knee extensor muscle size and significant strength gains.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 10 women · 12 weeks · 2002Midlife womenCited 38 timesPubMed

269. In postmenopausal obese women, aerobic and resistance exercise both reduced weight, body fat and waist circumference and increased maximum oxygen uptake and knee muscle strength, with no change in estrogen.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 30 women · 2018PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

270. 62 postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of tai chi; dynapenic women showed improved handgrip strength, function and health perception, and both groups had lower blood pressure.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 62 women · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

271. Osteopenic postmenopausal women who stood on a vibration platform 20 minutes daily for a year improved hip and back muscle strength, grip strength, and balance versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 122 women · 52 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

272. In 40 postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of whole-body resistance training at either lower or higher load improved adiponectin, body fat, muscle strength and walking performance similarly.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

273. In 194 women aged 65 to 79 with osteopenia or osteoporosis, 9 months of dynamic multicomponent exercise improved gait speed, trunk endurance, and balance more than OsteoStrong, though both improved grip and back strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 194 women · 39 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

274. Early postmenopausal women did high impact aerobic, jumping and resistance exercise for 50 months, maintaining spine bone density and improving cholesterol, body fat and strength versus non-training controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 68 women · 217 weeks · 2007Early postmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

275. Untrained middle-aged women did 8 weeks of resistance training 3 or 4 days a week; both schedules increased lean mass, body weight and strength with no between-group difference.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 21 women · 8 weeks · 2011Midlife womenCited 20 timesPubMed

276. Over 12 weeks, postmenopausal women doing Nordic walking with high protein intake and time-restricted eating showed the largest gains in handgrip strength and physical performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 96 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

277. Postmenopausal women aged 55 to 65 did supervised combined aerobic and weight-bearing exercise three times weekly for 12 weeks and showed favourable changes in bone turnover markers and improved walk and chair-stand performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

278. Postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis did 24 weeks of home leg exercises with or without vitamin D3 or E, and all groups improved in symptoms and strength with no added benefit from supplements.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 24 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

279. In a crossover trial, 50 postmenopausal women performed resistance training sessions with different set configurations; shorter sets, 4 reps, reduced velocity and power loss and lactate rise versus other configurations.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 50 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

280. Postmenopausal women with hot flushes did supervised resistance training three times weekly for 15 weeks and increased muscle volume and strength, while muscle fat infiltration did not change.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 44 women · 15 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

281. Forty-nine postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of resistance training at self-selected or imposed intensity; both groups improved strength, muscle mass and physical performance with no difference between them.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

282. In a trial of 40 peri and early postmenopausal women, 9 months of twice weekly heavy strength and impact training increased lean mass, muscle strength, leg power, and lumbar spine bone density versus a waitlist control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 39 weeks · 2026PerimenopausalPubMed

283. 43 middle-aged adults including peri and postmenopausal women did 6 weeks of resistance training with a pre-workout supplement or carbohydrate alone, both groups improved body composition and strength similarly.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 43 women · 6 weeks · 2025Midlife womenPubMed

284. Postmenopausal women trained using weight machines, elastic bands, or aquatic resistance devices, and all three groups improved fat mass, fat free mass, and strength test performance.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 2012PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

285. In a follow-up of 33 postmenopausal Korean women with osteosarcopenia, six months after stopping resistance or home exercise, muscle strength, gait speed and bone density declined while muscle mass stayed stable.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 33 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

286. In a 12-week trial, 10 obese postmenopausal women doing low intensity resistance exercise showed improved heart rate variability balance and increased leg strength versus 10 controls, with no change in body composition.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

287. In an 8-week trial, both aerobic-only and combined aerobic plus resistance training lowered blood pressure in middle-aged women with prehypertension, with combined training giving a larger diastolic reduction.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 31 women · 8 weeks · 2025Midlife womenPubMed

288. Postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity did 16 weeks of resistance training and/or DHA supplementation, with muscle quality improving more with resistance training and cardiometabolic markers improving more with DHA.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

289. In 23 sedentary middle-aged women, six weeks of resistance training combined with electrical stimulation reduced LDL and total cholesterol more than resistance training alone, with no difference in glucose or CRP.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 23 women · 6 weeks · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

290. Perimenopausal women aged 45 to 55 did 12 weeks of strength or endurance training; strength training improved muscle strength and quality, while endurance training raised aerobic fitness by 28%.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 42 women · 12 weeks · 2009PerimenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

291. Over nine months of combined aerobic and resistance training, postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors showed similar strength, fitness, and body fat improvements to healthy postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 42 women · 39 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

292. Postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of resistance training three times weekly; muscle strength increased significantly, but overall quality of life scores did not differ from controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 32 women · 16 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

293. Obese middle-aged women did a 12-week diet and aerobic program with or without acceleration training; adding acceleration training improved grip strength, balance and flexibility beyond diet and aerobic exercise alone.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 28 women · 12 weeks · 2014Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

294. In 40 postmenopausal women, 24 weeks of walking and strength training combined with dieting increased muscle strength, while bone density and VO2max did not change.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 40 women · 24 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

295. In 113 postmenopausal women, 16 weeks of supervised resistance training increased knee strength more than a non-training control group, though training frequency and insulin resistance affected individual response.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 113 women · 16 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

296. In healthy older postmenopausal women receiving estrogen, muscle mass adjusted for body mass predicted physical performance measures like walking speed better than muscle mass adjusted for height.

     Direction not statedCross-sectional study · 189 women · 2007PostmenopausalCited 72 timesPubMed

297. In a 3 month combined aerobic and strength training program, obese and lean premenopausal middle-aged women improved similarly across most fitness, strength and balance measures, with high enjoyment in both groups.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 72 women · 12 weeks · 2023OtherCited 4 timesPubMed

298. In postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis, 13 to 15 weeks of heavy strength training increased muscle strength in both groups and altered muscle gene expression linked to bone density.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 35 women · 15 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

299. Fall-prone postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of Taijiquan and improved balance, flexibility, arm curl strength, and handgrip strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 50 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

300. In 309 Australian women aged 36 to 57, higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not sedentary time, was associated with better bone density, leg strength and functional mobility.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 309 women · 2017Midlife womenCited 39 timesPubMed

301. In 598 postmenopausal women given tai chi or calcium and vitamin D for two years, a gene variant was linked to greater lower limb muscle strength improvement after the intervention.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 598 women · 104 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

302. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of combined strength and endurance training with or without protein and carbohydrate supplementation, and researchers found increased strength with no added benefit from supplementation.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 51 women · 12 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

303. In 47 postmenopausal women, a 12 week dual-task Pilates plus cognitive stimulation program improved verbal fluency, memory, leg strength and balance compared to baseline.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 47 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

304. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass who did 3 months of weight-bearing and resistance exercise showed increased bone formation markers, strength, and improved quality of life.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

305. Six months of resistance training in older men and postmenopausal women with normal or impaired glucose tolerance improved muscle strength and showed a trend toward better insulin sensitivity.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 18 women · 26 weeks · 2001PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

306. Nine postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes did combined strength and aerobic training for 16 weeks and showed improved glucose control, insulin action and muscular strength.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 9 women · 16 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 68 timesPubMed

307. A six month community exercise program for perimenopausal and menopausal women improved quality of life and physical condition, especially aerobic fitness, strength and balance, versus inactive controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 26 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

308. Postmenopausal women with obesity who did 4 months of resistance training saw decreased body fat and increased strength and fitness, with smaller effects on cholesterol and no change in blood sugar control.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 51 women · 16 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

309. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of strength training or hydro gymnastics, with both groups showing improved cardiorespiratory fitness and strength training also reducing body mass index.

     Mixed resultsControlled trial · 38 women · 24 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

310. In 45 middle-aged women who had not exercised regularly, a 12 week mat Pilates program twice weekly improved body composition, core and lower limb strength, agility and balance versus no intervention.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 45 women · 12 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

311. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did 16 weeks of whole-body resistance training and showed increased muscle strength, reduced fatigue, improved quality of life, and lower inflammatory markers.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 11 women · 16 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

312. Elderly postmenopausal women did 12 months of periodized resistance training twice weekly and showed increased muscle strength and lean mass with reduced body fat and leptin.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 23 women · 52 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 37 timesPubMed

313. In 1,166 postmenopausal women, those able to stand on one foot or squat to the floor had greater grip and quadriceps strength than those who could not.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 1,166 women · 2004PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

314. Postmenopausal women aged around 62 did 16 weeks of resistance training, gaining 32 to 98% in strength, with bone mineral density unchanged and a small decrease in body weight.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 27 women · 16 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 39 timesPubMed

315. Postmenopausal women did a 6-week lower body strength training program, and those also on hormone replacement showed improved gait balance, while strength gains were not statistically significant in either group.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 31 women · 6 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

316. In 35 pre and postmenopausal women with higher body fat, 12 weeks of resistance training lowered body fat in premenopausal women and improved grip strength and other fitness measures in both groups.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 35 women · 12 weeks · 2019Midlife womenCited 19 timesPubMed

317. Postmenopausal women did 19 weeks of community-based high- and odd-impact, resistance and balance training and showed reduced body fat and modest bone density gains but no change in strength or balance.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 22 women · 19 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

318. In 21 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, a 12-month program of home strength training plus alendronate, calcium and vitamin D improved balance, muscle strength and spine and hip bone density.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 21 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

319. In 82 overweight, sedentary postmenopausal women, researchers found that greater lower-body muscle strength was positively associated with insulin sensitivity.

     Direction not statedCross-sectional study · 82 women · 2007PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

320. In 137 overweight, sedentary postmenopausal women, a cross-sectional study found higher physical activity energy expenditure was linked to better insulin sensitivity and lower metabolic syndrome risk.

     No difference foundCross-sectional study · 137 women · 2008PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

321. Seven middle-aged women did 12 weeks of cycle training, which increased muscle fiber size and altered satellite cell responses to a subsequent bout of resistance exercise.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 7 women · 12 weeks · 2016Midlife womenCited 25 timesPubMed

322. Eight postmenopausal women underwent 7 days of leg immobilization then 7 days of resistance exercise rehabilitation, which reported partial recovery of muscle protein synthesis, strength and fiber size after strength declined during disuse.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 8 women · 2 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

323. Postmenopausal women who did systematic strength training for 6 months lost far less bone density in the hip and spine than a non-exercising control group.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 31 women · 26 weeks · 1993PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

324. Over six weeks, postmenopausal obese women doing aquatic resistance, balance and proprioceptive training showed greater improvements in strength, balance and ankle-foot alignment than land-based exercise.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 143 women · 6 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

325. In peri- and postmenopausal women, 10 weeks of resistance training increased muscle strength and lowered a neuromuscular degradation marker in postmenopausal participants.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 35 women · 10 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 12 timesPubMed

326. Postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes did combined strength and aerobic training for 9 months, then stopped for 3 months, then resumed, with glucose control and fitness improving with training and worsening during detraining.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 13 women · 39 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

327. A review reported that resistance training has been shown effective in attenuating age related muscle loss and strength decline in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2011PostmenopausalCited 281 timesPubMed

328. Ten middle-aged women completed an 8-week resistance training program, after which a single strength test trial gave reliable results compared with needing multiple trials before training.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 10 women · 8 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

329. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 did 8 weeks of progressive elastic resistance training and increased quadriceps, hamstring and grip strength.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 18 women · 8 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

330. Twelve middle-aged women did resistance and aerobic training 3 times weekly for 14 weeks and increased strength and lean tissue, with a small drop in body fat percentage.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 12 women · 14 weeks · 2006Midlife womenCited 12 timesPubMed

331. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did a 6-month weighted-vest and education program, with high adherence and improved quadriceps strength and hip bone density.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

332. In 35 postmenopausal women aged around 63, 16 weeks of periodized resistance training increased maximal strength and reduced inflammatory markers like interleukin-6, leptin and resistin.

     Reported an improvementOther · 35 women · 16 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 86 timesPubMed

333. A case study of a 71-year-old woman who began resistance training at 63 reported greater muscle mass, strength, bone density and fitness than age-matched postmenopausal controls.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 1 women · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

334. In 378 postmenopausal women across four intervention studies including hormones, exercise and nutrition, those classified as weak gained more grip strength and physical performance over six months.

     Reported an improvementOther · 378 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

335. In 63 postmenopausal women with low bone mass, jumping power, not muscle strength or size, was most strongly related to postural control on an unstable surface.

     No difference foundCross-sectional study · 63 women · 2018PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

336. Five postmenopausal women did 12 months of progressive resistance training, showing increased mitochondrial mass and muscle tissue repair but no significant increase in leg strength.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 5 women · 52 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

337. A review reported that high-intensity resistance training increased strength and muscle size in sedentary postmenopausal and frail elderly women, including nursing home residents.

     Reported an improvementOther · 100 women · 1995Midlife womenCited 64 timesPubMed

338. Obese postmenopausal women did a 10 week mixed Nordic walking and strength training program and showed improved fitness, strength, waist to hip ratio and cholesterol levels.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 10 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

339. Overweight postmenopausal women did a year of combined aerobic and resistance training; those who did not lose fat mass still gained similar strength, fitness, and flexibility as those who did.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 31 women · 52 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

340. A cross-sectional study of 5652 Korean postmenopausal women found regular resistance exercise plus adequate protein intake was associated with higher handgrip strength and lower odds of weak grip.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 5,652 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

341. Seven postmenopausal cancer survivors did a weekly 12-week hypopressive exercise program, with improved lower limb strength and a small, non-significant decrease in cancer-related fatigue.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 7 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

342. A 12-week combined aerobic and resistance programme in 101 perimenopausal Chinese teachers lowered triglycerides and fasting glucose and improved muscular strength and endurance.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 101 women · 12 weeks · 2026PerimenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

343. In 40 middle-aged men and women, those doing regular resistance training had higher concentric ankle strength than those doing endurance training, with smaller differences in eccentric strength.

     Mixed resultsCross-sectional study · 40 women · 2002Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

344. In 38 postmenopausal women with low bone density, 8 months of weekly OsteoStrong sessions did not improve hip or spine bone density, though some physical function measures improved.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 38 women · 32 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

345. Three elderly women did 40 weeks of jumping, balance and strength exercise, with or without raloxifene, which improved balance, gait speed and leg strength but had limited effect on bone density.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 3 women · 40 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

346. In a 3 month home-based internet physical-cognitive exercise program for middle-aged obese women, body weight and BMI decreased while fitness and lower limb muscle power improved, with high adherence.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2023Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

347. A review reported that whole body vibration training showed gains or maintenance of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, with muscle performance gains similar to resistance training.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2008Midlife womenCited 49 timesPubMed

348. In 175 postmenopausal women, insufficient physical activity was the strongest predictor of slow gait speed, with nearly four times higher odds of functional decline than active women.

     Direction not statedCross-sectional study · 175 women · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

349. In middle-aged women around 50 performing heavy leg press resistance exercise, maximal force dropped about 31% after loading and remained reduced two hours later, recovering by two days.

     Reported a worseningOther · 23 women · 1995Midlife womenCited 28 timesPubMed

350. This protocol describes an 8-month trial testing whether high-intensity resistance and impact training with or without osteoporosis medication changes bone density in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, no results yet.

     Direction not statedOther · 160 women · 32 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

351. Thirty-six postmenopausal women aged 50 to 70 did 12 weeks of hatha balance flow yoga and showed improved balance, lower-body strength, and upper-body response time versus a control period.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 36 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

352. Fourteen postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on tamoxifen did 12 weeks of resistance training then 12 weeks of detraining, with fat mass decreasing and muscle strength and cholesterol improving after training.

     Reported an improvementOther · 14 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

353. This is a trial protocol for 80 Japanese women over 65 with knee osteoarthritis combining oestrogen gel with 12 weeks of muscle resistance exercise, with no results reported yet.

     Direction not statedOther · 80 women · 12 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

354. This protocol describes a one-year trial in 324 men and postmenopausal women with low bone density comparing moderate versus high intensity resistance training on spine bone density, with no results yet.

     Direction not statedOther · 324 women · 52 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

355. Untrained older women doing resistance training with higher habitual protein intake showed greater gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength than those with lower protein intake.

     Reported an improvementOther · 70 women · 2019PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

356. A review on aging muscle loss noted menopause as a contributing hormonal factor to sarcopenia and stated resistance exercise remains the main validated approach to counter it in elderly people.

     Direction not statedOther · 1999Midlife womenCited 27 timesPubMed

357. This protocol describes an 8 month trial testing high-intensity resistance and impact exercise combined with romosozumab versus low-intensity exercise in 102 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 102 women · 32 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

358. A position statement concluded regular exercise may reduce bone loss rate and improve muscle strength and balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, though less effective than estrogen for bone density.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2000PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

359. A protocol describes a 9 month mHealth guided jumping and fast walking program in 120 postmenopausal women to test effects on bone density, with results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 120 women · 36 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

360. Ten postmenopausal women did one-legged resistance exercise after taking fermented red clover extract or placebo for 14 days, with no difference in muscle protein markers' response to exercise between treatments.

     Direction not statedOther · 10 women · 2 weeks · 2020Early postmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

361. A review reported that aerobic and resistance exercise in menopausal women was linked to improved cardiovascular fitness, increased bone mineral content, greater muscle strength and reduced body fat.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1990Midlife womenCited 21 timesPubMed

362. A review of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis found most studies reported exercise improved quality of life and physical domains like muscle strength and balance.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2014PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

363. An 8 week moderate-intensity resistance training program in postmenopausal women improved muscle strength and size, with greater gains in women carrying a specific ACE gene variant.

     Reported an improvementOther · 40 women · 8 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

364. A 12-week RCT protocol will compare time-restricted eating alone or with resistance training against calorie restriction plus resistance training, measuring muscle quantity and quality in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity.

     Direction not statedOther · 78 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

365. A pilot RCT protocol will test a 9-month high-intensity resistance and impact training program in 40 perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, assessing feasibility and bone, muscle and function measures.

     Direction not statedOther · 40 women · 36 weeks · 2025PerimenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

366. This review reported that both aerobic exercise and weight training help maintain or build bone density in postmenopausal women, with weight training also improving strength and balance.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1999PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

367. 100 postmenopausal women did a five-repetition sit-to-stand test before and after 3 months of resistance training, and both equation-based and platform power measures showed increased power.

     Reported an improvementOther · 122 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

368. A pilot trial protocol will test whether splitting strength exercises into small daily snacks versus one session improves 12-week adherence in perimenopausal women; results are not yet available.

     Direction not statedOther · 90 women · 24 weeks · 2026PerimenopausalPubMed

369. A trial protocol will compare 12 weeks of urban dance versus functional fitness against a control group for physical and psychological effects in postmenopausal women aged 40 to 59.

     Direction not statedOther · 12 weeks · 2025Early postmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

370. This article argued sarcopenia often begins at menopause and discussed resistance training, diet and early diagnosis as low-risk interventions during midlife.

     Direction not statedOther · 2025Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

371. This protocol describes a trial testing whole-body vibration, high-intensity resistance and impact training, or both, over 9 months in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, measuring hip bone density.

     Direction not statedOther · 36 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

372. This review reports that combining L-citrulline supplementation with structured exercise may reduce arterial stiffness and increase leg muscle strength and lean mass in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed