Fitness: what 364 studies found

• Reported an improvement 274
• No difference found 31
• Mixed results 16
• Reported a worsening 4
• Direction not stated 39

Narrow by exercise type:

• Other aerobic exercise 125
• Resistance training 77
• Aerobic plus resistance 72
• Walking 56
• General physical activity 35
• Exercise with diet 29
• High-intensity intervals 26
• Exercise with supplements 20
• Balance and functional training 19
• Water-based exercise 17
• Exercise with hormone therapy 17
• Impact and jumping 16
• Other exercise 15
• Whole-body vibration 10
• Stretching 9
• Pilates 4
• Tai chi and qigong 4
• Yoga 3
• Pelvic floor training 1

1. A meta-analysis of 129 trials in postmenopausal women found aerobic, resistance and combined training increased cardiorespiratory fitness and lower-body strength, while only resistance training increased upper-body strength.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 7,141 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

2. A review of 28 randomised trials in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 65 found walking combined with resistance training could preserve weight and bone density and increase muscle strength.

   Mixed resultsSystematic review · 2,646 participants pooled · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 219 timesPubMed

3. A meta-analysis of 12 trials found resistance training in postmenopausal women improved functional capacity, bone density, and reduced hot flash frequency and fat mass versus no exercise.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 452 participants pooled · 16 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

4. A meta-analysis of 59 trials in postmenopausal women aged 45 to 78 found aerobic training improved blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, body fat, cholesterol and fitness, with very low certainty evidence.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 4,225 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

5. A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs with 1,110 middle-aged women found aerobic exercise reduced waist circumference and blood glucose and increased VO2 max.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,110 participants pooled · 2022Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

6. A meta-analysis of 16 trials with 594 postmenopausal women found aquatic exercise improved limb strength, agility, flexibility, and quality of life, but not aerobic capacity.

   No difference foundMeta-analysis · 594 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

7. A meta-analysis of seven trials in postmenopausal women found combined aerobic exercise and hormone therapy lowered systolic blood pressure more than aerobic exercise alone, but exercise alone improved fitness more.

   Mixed resultsMeta-analysis · 386 participants pooled · 2023PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

8. A meta-analysis of 29 RCTs in 2071 women with breast cancer found combined aerobic and resistance training improved fitness, fatigue and quality of life, with smaller benefits in postmenopausal women.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2,071 participants pooled · 2026Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

9. A meta-analysis of 23 trials in 1001 postmenopausal women found concurrent aerobic and resistance training modestly improved body composition and metabolic markers, with no significant change in inflammation markers.

   Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 1,001 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

10. A meta-analysis of 16 studies found circuit resistance training improved strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition in middle-aged and older women compared with controls.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2022Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

11. 464 sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure exercised at varying doses for 6 months, with fitness improving more at higher exercise doses but blood pressure unchanged.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 464 women · 26 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 484 timesPubMed

12. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found resistance training significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake and upper and lower body strength in healthy postmenopausal women, with less clear effects on bone density.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

13. A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs in postmenopausal women with sarcopenia found exercise interventions improved muscle mass, strength and physical function such as gait speed.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 744 participants pooled · 2026PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

14. A meta-analysis of 17 studies found plaza dancing reduced body weight, BMI, body fat, blood pressure and cholesterol, and improved vital capacity in middle-aged and older women.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2025Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

15. A meta-analysis of 10 trials found chair-based exercise improved muscle endurance, flexibility and dynamic balance in postmenopausal women, but not handgrip strength or static balance.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 509 participants pooled · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

16. A meta-analysis of five RCTs in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis found exercise improved physical function but did not differ from control for pain or stiffness.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

17. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors who cycled three times weekly for 15 weeks had greater increases in peak oxygen consumption and overall quality of life than a non-exercising control group.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 15 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 519 timesPubMed

18. A meta-analysis of 19 studies found resistance training combined with vitamin D supplementation had a positive effect on body composition and physical activity capacity in middle-aged women with sarcopenia.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2021Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

19. A review of 7 studies in adults over 50, including postmenopausal women, found combined tai chi and resistance training improved muscle strength, aerobic endurance, balance, and mobility after long term training.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 703 participants pooled · 2020Midlife womenCited 17 timesPubMed

20. A review of 38 studies in women aged 45 to 80 found resistance training sessions over about 15 weeks improved muscle mass, strength, and functional fitness.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2,519 participants pooled · 15 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 12 timesPubMed

21. A meta-analysis of 20 trials found water-based exercise improved muscle strength, aerobic capacity and flexibility versus no exercise in postmenopausal women, with similar effects to land-based exercise.

    Reported an improvementMeta-analysis · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

22. In 120 postmenopausal women and men aged 50-65, two years of higher or lower intensity endurance exercise improved treadmill fitness and modestly raised HDL cholesterol in home-based groups.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 269 women · 104 weeks · 1995Midlife womenCited 306 timesPubMed

23. A review found that 12 to 16 weeks of recreational football training in women aged 18 to 65 improved aerobic fitness, blood pressure, fat loss, lipid profile and bone mineralisation.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2018Midlife womenCited 45 timesPubMed

24. Breast cancer surgery patients did an 8-month exercise program delivered face to face or by phone, reporting better quality of life, fitness and fatigue than usual care, with no difference in other side effects.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 194 women · 32 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 146 timesPubMed

25. A review of 13 studies in postmenopausal women found combined aerobic and resistance exercise, and aerobic exercise alone, improved cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness, particularly pulse wave velocity.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 700 participants pooled · 2024PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

26. Sedentary postmenopausal women aged 45 to 75 trained aerobically for 6 months at varying doses; greater exercise volume was associated with lower odds of showing no fitness improvement.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 310 women · 26 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 133 timesPubMed

27. A systematic review of studies in postmenopausal women found physical activity was linked to lower rates of cognitive and physical decline and reduced all-cause mortality.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2014PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

28. A review of 5 RCTs in overweight and obese postmenopausal women found long-term physical activity interventions improved adiposity and physical capacity, while mental health outcomes did not change significantly.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2016PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed

29. Over 12 weeks, 83 inactive postmenopausal breast cancer survivors using an activity tracker with coaching increased moderate to vigorous activity and reduced sitting time versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 83 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 125 timesPubMed

30. 164 previously low-active midlife women did walking, yoga, or no exercise for 4 months; walking and yoga groups reported improved positive mood and menopause-related quality of life.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 164 women · 16 weeks · 2007Midlife womenCited 138 timesPubMed

31. A systematic review of seventeen studies found physical activity was associated with improved overall and breast cancer specific survival, with possibly greater benefit in older or postmenopausal women.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2013Midlife womenCited 32 timesPubMed

32. Postmenopausal women with a prior arm fracture did self-paced brisk walking for 2 years, and researchers found a small increase in hip bone density but more falls than controls.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 165 women · 104 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 152 timesPubMed

33. Overweight postmenopausal women did moderate or vigorous treadmill walking for 20 weeks during calorie restriction; both exercise groups preserved lean mass but showed no extra loss of abdominal fat versus diet alone.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 95 women · 20 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 128 timesPubMed

34. Early postmenopausal women doing 12 months of jumping exercise, with or without alendronate, showed no change in spine or hip bone density but improved leg power, balance and cardiorespiratory fitness.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 164 women · 52 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 117 timesPubMed

35. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors cycling three times weekly for 15 weeks showed improved heart rate recovery and a non-significant drop in C-reactive protein versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 15 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 140 timesPubMed

36. A 6-month aerobic exercise program in overweight postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure increased fitness and reduced weight and waist circumference but did not change blood pressure or lipid or inflammatory markers.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 267 women · 26 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 90 timesPubMed

37. In 115 obese or overweight sedentary postmenopausal women, a yearlong moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program reduced C-reactive protein by 10% versus an increase in stretching controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 115 women · 52 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 106 timesPubMed

38. In 100 frail nursing home residents, a high intensity strength training program increased strength and spontaneous activity compared with sedentary controls, who showed no change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 100 women · 1999PostmenopausalCited 136 timesPubMed

39. Women with breast cancer on chemotherapy did 6 months of aerobic or resistance exercise; aerobic exercise better preserved bone density and both improved fitness and strength versus usual care.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 66 women · 26 weeks · 2007Midlife womenCited 117 timesPubMed

40. A systematic review of nine studies using virtual reality exercise games in climacteric women found improvements in pelvic floor strength, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness and bone density versus conventional approaches.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 298 participants pooled · 2022PerimenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

41. Overweight postmenopausal women did aerobic exercise five days a week for a year, gaining fitness and losing weight, with oxidative stress markers decreasing most in those with the largest fitness gains.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 173 women · 52 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 88 timesPubMed

42. Sedentary postmenopausal women at increased cardiovascular risk were assigned to different doses of aerobic exercise training for six months to study effects on fitness and heart disease risk factors.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 450 women · 26 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 83 timesPubMed

43. In 173 sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women, a year of moderate-intensity exercise or stretching was associated with improved self-reported sleep quality, with effects depending on exercise timing and amount.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 173 women · 52 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 101 timesPubMed

44. Overweight postmenopausal women lost weight over 16 weeks via diet or mainly exercise, and exercise produced greater fat loss, preserved lean mass, and some differences in sex hormones compared to diet.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 243 women · 16 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 66 timesPubMed

45. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis did 4 months of intensive aquatic resistance training and showed decreased fat mass and faster walking speed, with walking speed gains maintained at 12 months.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 87 women · 16 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 72 timesPubMed

46. 24 postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of combined resistance and endurance training, which reduced arterial stiffness, blood pressure and heart rate, and increased leg and handgrip strength versus controls.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 107 timesPubMed

47. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did weight-bearing exercise, aerobic dancing and flexibility work three times weekly for 12 months, and spinal bone density stabilized versus decline in controls, with improved fitness and wellbeing.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 124 women · 52 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 104 timesPubMed

48. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did 16 weeks of supervised exercise with two different dosing schedules and showed modest improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness compared to a stretching control group.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 174 women · 16 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 53 timesPubMed

49. Postmenopausal women in a walking trial reported more exercise walking 10 years later than controls, with fewer reported heart disease cases, though not statistically significant.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 196 women · 520 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 86 timesPubMed

50. Women averaging 69 years did an 18 month multipurpose exercise program and researchers reported increased lean mass and strength and reduced body fat compared to an active control group.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 246 women · 78 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 56 timesPubMed

51. Postmenopausal women aged 60 to 84 with osteoporosis and prior vertebral fracture who did 3 months of circuit exercises had better walking speed, balance and quality of life at 3 and 12 months than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 89 women · 12 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 67 timesPubMed

52. In 20 postmenopausal women with hypertension, 12 weeks of combined resistance and aerobic exercise improved blood pressure, arterial stiffness, fitness and body composition versus no exercise.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 12 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 78 timesPubMed

53. Sedentary postmenopausal women walked five days a week for 24 weeks at varying low doses; all groups improved aerobic fitness and body fat percentage versus controls, with no BMI change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 116 women · 24 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 77 timesPubMed

54. In postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis, 16 weeks of aquatic resistance training changed cartilage composition on MRI and improved cardiorespiratory fitness by 9.8% compared with controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 87 women · 16 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 58 timesPubMed

55. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of twice weekly high intensity resistance training with impact loading and showed improved hip and spine bone density and function versus a low intensity home program.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 32 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 72 timesPubMed

56. Obese postmenopausal women aged 55 to 75 did 3 months of resistance training, caloric restriction, both or neither, and resistance training alone improved physical capacity scores more than the other groups.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 48 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 70 timesPubMed

57. 61 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors with joint pain did a year of aerobic and strength exercise, and most maintained adherence to the program.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 61 women · 52 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

58. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of aquatic resistance exercise or elastic band training, both reducing body fat and blood pressure and improving strength and fitness tests similarly.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 46 women · 24 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 69 timesPubMed

59. 92 postmenopausal women with obesity did diet, physical-cognitive exercise, or both for 3 months, and exercise groups showed improved memory, BDNF, insulin and body fat versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 92 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 42 timesPubMed

60. A meta-analysis of 20 randomized trials in postmenopausal women found exercise based rehabilitation reduced vasomotor symptoms but showed no significant pooled effect on BMI, blood pressure, or physical performance.

    No difference foundMeta-analysis · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

61. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis who did 12 months of progressive high-impact training gained femoral neck bone mass and improved balance, strength and fitness, with no change in cartilage composition.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 76 women · 52 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 55 timesPubMed

62. Postmenopausal women did 6 months of moderate intensity exercise, and weight loss and aerobic fitness both improved, with some variation by FTO genotype.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 234 women · 26 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed

63. Over 14 weeks, postmenopausal women adding whole-body electromyostimulation to their usual endurance and strength training maintained resting metabolic rate and gained more strength than controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 14 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

64. Caucasian and African American postmenopausal women did 6 months of aerobic exercise training at varying doses, with Caucasian women showing greater fitness gains than African American women.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 386 women · 26 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

65. In postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, 6 weeks of interval or continuous aerobic training both improved cardiorespiratory fitness by about 12%, with interval training also improving strength and weight more.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 6 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 58 timesPubMed

66. A review of 14 RCTs of physical activity programs in premenopausal and postmenopausal women found all studies reported improvement in at least one cardiorespiratory fitness or cardiovascular risk variable.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2022Midlife womenCited 9 timesPubMed

67. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass did 8 months of high-intensity resistance and impact training or low-intensity Pilates-based training; the high-intensity program increased spine bone density and muscle strength more.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 115 women · 35 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

68. Postmenopausal women with fatty liver disease did 24 weeks of supervised aerobic activity, reducing waist circumference, raising HDL cholesterol, and improving fitness versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 24 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 51 timesPubMed

69. Sedentary perimenopausal women did 18 months of calisthenics or endurance training; endurance training maintained femoral neck bone density versus controls, calisthenics showed no significant effect.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 105 women · 78 weeks · 1998PerimenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

70. Postmenopausal women walked 3 or 5 days a week for 24 weeks, and authors reported both increased aerobic fitness and decreased body fat, with no change in serum lipids.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 56 women · 24 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 72 timesPubMed

71. In a 20-week RCT, postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension who swam 3 to 4 days a week showed reduced arterial stiffness and blood pressure and increased strength and aerobic capacity versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 100 women · 20 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

72. In postmenopausal women, 2 weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval cycling raised peak oxygen uptake while a longer moderate-intensity continuous program did not reach significance for that measure.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 18 women · 2 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 58 timesPubMed

73. Postmenopausal women with bone loss did 24 weeks of strength or circuit training; both groups gained muscle strength and fitness but bone density did not change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 24 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 61 timesPubMed

74. Women with postmenopausal osteoporosis did one year of Pilates or home exercise, and researchers found greater improvement in pain, function and quality of life with Pilates.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 52 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 46 timesPubMed

75. In 107 sedentary women aged 50 to 60, 13 weeks of brisk walking with or without poles similarly improved peak oxygen uptake, with no major differences between the two methods.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 107 women · 13 weeks · 2007Midlife womenCited 47 timesPubMed

76. In a 10-week RCT, postmenopausal women with low bone mass doing step aerobics three times weekly showed reduced bone resorption marker change and improved muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance versus controls, with no BMD change.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 48 women · 10 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

77. In 33 postmenopausal women over 12 weeks, both low-intensity resistance training and whole-body vibration improved blood vessel function and leg strength, while resistance training also improved gait speed.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 42 timesPubMed

78. Postmenopausal women did a moderate exercise program with or without estrogen for 6 months, and exercise alone reduced cholesterol and LDL and increased fitness.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 101 women · 26 weeks · 1994PostmenopausalCited 60 timesPubMed

79. Fifteen healthy middle-aged women completed incremental tests of nordic walking, walking and jogging, and the authors reported differences in oxygen uptake, heart rate and lactate between the three forms.

    Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 15 women · 2006Midlife womenCited 65 timesPubMed

80. Postmenopausal women on hormone therapy did 6 weeks of submaximal aerobic exercise three times weekly and showed improved strength, endurance, flexibility, balance and quality of life versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 81 women · 6 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed

81. Overweight middle-aged women trained at their maximal fat oxidation intensity five days a week for 10 weeks and showed reduced body fat, weight and triglycerides compared to controls.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 30 women · 10 weeks · 2016Midlife womenCited 44 timesPubMed

82. Postmenopausal women aged 65 plus took ultra-low-dose estrogen or placebo with calcium and vitamin D for 3 years, with no change found in muscle mass, body fat or physical performance.

    No difference foundRandomised trial · 167 women · 156 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

83. Inactive premenopausal women did football or running training twice weekly for 16 weeks, and both groups showed improved heart chamber size and systolic and diastolic heart function.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 37 women · 16 weeks · 2010OtherCited 48 timesPubMed

84. In 115 postmenopausal, overweight or obese women, 12 months of aerobic exercise improved fitness by 13.8% but did not change natural killer cell or T-lymphocyte immune function compared to stretching controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 115 women · 52 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

85. A review of 15 intervention studies found that physical activity combined with calorie-restricted diets in postmenopausal women generally reduced body weight, fat mass and waist size and improved blood sugar and fitness.

    Reported an improvementSystematic review · 2010PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

86. In 90 midlife women aged 40 to 65 who completed a 24-week home-based walking program, adherence during a later maintenance phase averaged 64% of expected walks.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 90 women · 48 weeks · 2005Midlife womenCited 44 timesPubMed

87. Postmenopausal women aged 60 to 72 did 11 months of endurance exercise, hormone therapy, both, or neither, and exercise lowered total and LDL cholesterol while HRT raised HDL cholesterol.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 71 women · 44 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 57 timesPubMed

88. In sedentary postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of combined endurance and resistance training improved body composition, performance and insulin sensitivity, with no added benefit from DHEA supplementation.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 49 timesPubMed

89. Patients with knee osteoarthritis, including postmenopausal women, did 6 weeks of isokinetic or aerobic exercise and reported less pain and more muscle strength, with no significant drop in inflammatory markers.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 6 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 39 timesPubMed

90. Twenty nine postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did 15 weeks of combined walking and resistance training, and the exercise group showed improved fitness, blood pressure, weight, insulin, glucose and cholesterol measures.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 29 women · 15 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 45 timesPubMed

91. Overweight or obese postmenopausal women did combined HIIT and resistance training three times weekly for 12 weeks, and researchers found reduced abdominal fat and increased muscle mass and fitness versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 17 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 39 timesPubMed

92. Postmenopausal women walked 5 days a week for 15 weeks in one or two daily sessions; both schedules equally improved aerobic fitness and reduced body weight and fat percentage.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 130 women · 15 weeks · 2002PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

93. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 6 months of treadmill walking at three exercise doses, and step counts needed to meet 50, 100, and 150 percent of activity guidelines were quantified.

    Direction not statedRandomised trial · 111 women · 26 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 39 timesPubMed

94. Obese, sedentary postmenopausal women underwent a 6-month lifestyle change program with increased physical activity and reported reduced weight, fat mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 44 women · 26 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 48 timesPubMed

95. In 65 postmenopausal women with high cardiovascular risk, 12 weeks of exergaming improved fitness and blood vessel function similarly to treadmill exercise, and both reduced heart fat thickness.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 65 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

96. Postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis did a 12-month supervised impact exercise program, which improved patellar cartilage quality, leg strength, and aerobic capacity versus controls.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 52 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 31 timesPubMed

97. Postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia did 21 weeks of combined strength and endurance training, which improved leg strength, workload, walking and stair climbing, and fatigue.

    Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 26 women · 21 weeks · 2008PostmenopausalCited 44 timesPubMed

98. Previously sedentary postmenopausal women aged 60 to 70 walked briskly for 12 months, and researchers found reduced heel bone loss and improved fitness compared with non-walkers.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 78 women · 52 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 45 timesPubMed

99. In postmenopausal women at high risk of type 2 diabetes, 12 weeks of high-intensity bodyweight training and combined aerobic-resistance training both improved muscle mass, walk test performance and insulin resistance, but only combined training increased strength.

    Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 37 timesPubMed

100. Postmenopausal women did a 24 week high intensity aquatic exercise program and researchers reported fewer falls and improved strength, balance and mobility compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 24 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

101. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 2 months of flamenco and sevillanas dance three times weekly, improving mobility, balance, physical activity, and fitness, but not blood pressure, weight, or quality of life.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 8 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 30 timesPubMed

102. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of high-intensity jump-based aquatic exercise, which increased spine, hip, and whole body bone density and improved agility and leg strength versus untrained controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 24 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 33 timesPubMed

103. Over 14 weeks, postmenopausal women doing circuit resistance training with energy-restricted diets and calcium or vitamin D supplements showed improved strength, aerobic capacity and varying body composition changes by diet and supplement combination.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 128 women · 14 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

104. Early breast cancer patients did a 12 month step aerobics and impact exercise program; premenopausal women kept hip bone density benefits for 3 years but not 5, with no bone effect seen in postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 444 women · 260 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed

105. Eighty six breast cancer survivors did 12 months of aerobic impact exercise training, and postmenopausal trainees showed small improvements in bone structural strength, agility and grip strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 52 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

106. Postmenopausal women used a mobile phone walking program for 12 weeks and reported faster walking times, small weight loss, and improved exercise goal setting and planning.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 71 women · 12 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

107. In 24 sedentary women aged 41 to 55, 12 weeks of brisk walking improved fitness and reduced body fat, lowered the post-meal insulin response, but did not change the post-meal triglyceride response.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 1995Midlife womenCited 54 timesPubMed

108. Overweight middle-aged women doing aerobic training three times weekly for 3 months, with or without daily orange juice, both lost fat and improved anaerobic threshold, with juice linked to better LDL and HDL changes.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 12 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 37 timesPubMed

109. Sedentary overweight postmenopausal women did 12 months of moderate aerobic exercise, and researchers found reduced PEDF, a blood vessel regulator, compared to a stretching control group.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 173 women · 52 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

110. Twenty two postmenopausal women did two months of walking and cycling, and the exercise group showed increased pentraxin 3, HDL cholesterol, peak oxygen uptake and arterial compliance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 22 women · 8 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

111. In 906 women evaluated for suspected heart disease, higher self-reported physical fitness scores were linked to less coronary artery disease and fewer cardiovascular events over about four years.

     Reported an improvementCohort study · 906 women · 2004Midlife womenCited 203 timesPubMed

112. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 30 or 45 minutes of moderate exercise 5 days a week for 12 weeks; longer duration produced greater gains in fitness, body composition and HDL cholesterol.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 35 timesPubMed

113. In postmenopausal women, six months of aerobic training combined with higher habitual daily steps produced greater reductions in waist circumference and weight than aerobic training with lower daily steps.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 325 women · 26 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

114. In a 16-week RCT, postmenopausal women doing circuit-style functional training with elastic bands and walking reduced body fat and improved strength, coordination, agility and cholesterol levels versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 16 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

115. In 34 obese postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis, an 8-week dance-based aquatic exercise program improved function, cardiorespiratory capacity and fatigue more than a standard aquatic program, with benefits partly maintained at 3 months.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 8 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

116. Female cancer survivors averaging age 52 did a year of supervised aerobic plus resistance training or home-based activity, with the fitness center group showing greater treadmill time and heart rate recovery gains.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 154 women · 52 weeks · 2017Midlife womenCited 19 timesPubMed

117. Older postmenopausal women did 6 months of local vibration training, which improved isometric muscle strength but did not change bone density, muscle mass, or physical performance.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 35 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

118. Inactive pre-menopausal women with mild hypertension who did one year of small-sided soccer training had greater reductions in blood pressure and fat mass, and improved bone mineral density, lipids and fitness than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 31 women · 52 weeks · 2017OtherCited 25 timesPubMed

119. Postmenopausal breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitors did supervised or unsupervised exercise training for up to 48 weeks; supervised training achieved higher fitness gains on a cycle ergometer.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 48 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

120. Postmenopausal women with impaired glucose tolerance did 12 weeks of eccentric knee resistance training, gaining leg lean mass, strength and walk distance, with insulin sensitivity unchanged.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

121. Postmenopausal women who did 6 months of high-intensity treadmill training, with or without infrared LED, showed improved maximal exercise tolerance compared to a sedentary group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 26 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

122. Over 12 weeks, 50 midlife women doing aerobic exercise improved peak oxygen uptake by 18%, while a strength training group showed no fitness change; lipid changes were similar between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 12 weeks · 1991Midlife womenCited 41 timesPubMed

123. In 38 dynapenic-obese postmenopausal women over 12 weeks, resistance training improved physical capacity while caloric restriction with or without resistance training improved body composition and metabolic markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 12 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

124. Postmenopausal and elderly women did 12 weeks of traditional or cluster-set resistance training; both methods similarly improved strength, power and functional performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 66 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

125. Untrained women aged 40 to 65 did 21 weeks of endurance, strength, or combined training; endurance training increased heart rate complexity during exercise but combined or strength training did not.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 90 women · 21 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 21 timesPubMed

126. Breast cancer patients did 16 weeks of resistance plus HIIT or aerobic plus HIIT during chemotherapy; at 5 years fatigue did not differ from usual care, but gluteal pain sensitivity was reduced with resistance HIIT.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 240 women · 16 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 13 timesPubMed

127. Postmenopausal women with mild hyperlipidemia who walked about 54 minutes most days for six months had reduced cholesterol, triglycerides, body fat and increased fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 26 weeks · 1995PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

128. Older women did 24 weeks of aerobic training versus a yoga control group, and aerobic fitness rose 14% but blood volume and vascular reflex control did not change.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 17 women · 24 weeks · 1998PostmenopausalCited 41 timesPubMed

129. In postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of resistance training improved blood pressure, estimated peak VO2 and total cholesterol compared with controls, with no change in homocysteine.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 12 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

130. Fifty two postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on alendronate did six months of whole body vibration exercise, and researchers reported improved flexibility, balance and walking velocity versus controls; this publication was later retracted.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 26 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 23 timesPubMed

131. In 244 women aged 45 to 65 doing a 4-month resistance exercise program, adding a fortified milk drink gave extra gains in lean mass, bone content and balance but not in muscle strength versus exercise with placebo.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 216 women · 16 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

132. In postmenopausal women, 8 months of whole-body vibration or walking differently improved fitness measures, with walking better for walking speed and chair rise, vibration better for vertical jump.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 27 women · 35 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

133. A church-based physical activity program for sedentary midlife women aged 35 to 65 increased energy expenditure and aerobic fitness compared with comparison groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 2005Midlife womenCited 28 timesPubMed

134. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of water-based combined aerobic and resistance training, with both exercise orders increasing upper and lower body strength and muscle thickness.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 21 women · 12 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

135. Postmenopausal women did 12 months of varying doses of aerobic exercise, and greater fitness gains were linked to less compensation that offset expected weight loss.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 360 women · 52 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

136. A one-year moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program in overweight, sedentary postmenopausal women improved fitness and reduced body fat but did not significantly change blood cholesterol levels versus stretching controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 170 women · 52 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

137. In sedentary postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of exercise training improved cardiorespiratory capacity and vascular function, with slightly greater improvement when combined with a Mediterranean diet.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 15 women · 8 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 27 timesPubMed

138. Women recently through menopause did brisk walking with resistance training for 15 weeks and improved leg strength and walking time, but not balance, with 92% adherence.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 134 women · 15 weeks · 2006Early postmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

139. Menopausal women aged 45 to 59 practiced Rusie Dutton traditional Thai exercise for 13 weeks and showed significant improvements in fitness, flexibility, blood pressure and quality of life versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 13 weeks · 2014Midlife womenCited 20 timesPubMed

140. Overweight postmenopausal women in a 48-month lifestyle programme who increased activity and lost weight showed faster 400-meter walk times than those who did not.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 508 women · 192 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

141. Untrained postmenopausal women played recreational team handball 2 to 3 times weekly for 16 weeks and showed greater improvements in aerobic fitness and cholesterol levels than controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 67 women · 16 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

142. 50 postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis who added six weeks of aerobic exercise to physiotherapy reported better pain scores, physical performance, and six-minute walk distance than physiotherapy alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 6 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

143. Overweight postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of sprint interval training three times weekly, and gained lean mass, lost fat mass, and increased aerobic fitness compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 8 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

144. In overweight postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of interval sprint cycling reduced arterial stiffness and increased aerobic fitness compared with a control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 8 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

145. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia and a healed wrist fracture did a 6-month weighted vest and balance exercise programme, showing no significant difference from education alone in strength, bone density, balance or quality of life.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 80 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

146. In 31 breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors, 12 weeks of whole-body vibration did not change bone turnover markers, body composition, or physical function versus usual care.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

147. In 35 BRCA-positive breast cancer survivors after surgical menopause, a 12 month web-based lifestyle program maintained cardiovascular fitness and bone area and reduced body fat versus control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 35 women · 52 weeks · 2017OtherCited 18 timesPubMed

148. Postmenopausal women randomized to 12 months of moderate to vigorous exercise improved fitness and had slightly lower estradiol, but researchers found no change in estrogen metabolite pathways linked to breast cancer risk.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 306 women · 52 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

149. Obese postmenopausal women on calorie restriction with or without aerobic exercise for 20 weeks had similar reductions in pericardial fat regardless of exercise addition.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 32 women · 20 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 21 timesPubMed

150. In 24 sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity, 10 weeks of low-volume walking reduced body weight, fat mass, blood glucose and HbA1c, raised fitness, and did not change bone markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 10 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

151. Postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of water-based exercise with or without blood flow restriction; adding blood flow restriction increased leg strength more than water exercise alone.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 28 women · 8 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

152. Healthy postmenopausal elderly women who did 12 weeks of elastic-band resistance training showed increased leg blood flow and improved functional ability tests compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 women · 12 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

153. Healthy postmenopausal women took cyclic hormone therapy for 3 months and researchers found it increased peripheral blood flow during exercise but did not improve peak oxygen uptake or exercise tolerance.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

154. Postmenopausal women who completed a 16-week home-based walking program increased fitness (VO2max) and resting salivary immunoglobulin A, without changing respiratory symptom duration.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 16 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

155. Sedentary middle-aged women did a 16-week lifestyle walking intervention; it increased walking and quality of life but did not change antibody response to flu vaccination.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 89 women · 16 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 15 timesPubMed

156. 47 African American and Caucasian postmenopausal women did 6 months of aerobic training, reducing body weight, body fat and BMI, but resting metabolic rate did not change with exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 26 weeks · 2006PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

157. Postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training at different weekly frequencies, and researchers reported reduced resting blood pressure and improved vascular properties.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 79 women · 16 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

158. In 10 sedentary postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of cycling endurance training increased peak oxygen consumption by 16% and lowered resting heart rate and blood pressure during exercise.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 10 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

159. A 3-month trial will compare pedometer-based walking programs of differing intensity against a control group for effects on blood pressure in 120 sedentary postmenopausal women.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 120 women · 12 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

160. Postmenopausal women did 6 months of aerobic exercise training, and older women over 60 showed a smaller improvement in peak oxygen uptake than women under 55 at the same exercise doses.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 251 women · 26 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

161. Women aged 45 to 60 did a 12-week leg exercise program on a vibrating or non-vibrating platform, and vibration did not improve leg strength or power more than exercise alone.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 39 women · 12 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 16 timesPubMed

162. In obese postmenopausal women over 12 weeks, both HIIT and combined training reduced body fat and increased leg lean mass, but only combined training increased muscle strength and fast walking speed.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

163. Previously sedentary overweight postmenopausal women did treadmill or cycling exercise at a set heart rate target, and small heart rate drift did not meaningfully reduce exercise intensity during sessions.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 326 women · 2009PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

164. Ten sedentary postmenopausal women completed 12 weeks of cycling endurance training and researchers found increased fat mobilization and oxidation capacity alongside higher aerobic fitness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 10 women · 12 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

165. Healthy postmenopausal women walked for 12 weeks with or without hormone therapy, and both groups showed improved peak oxygen uptake regardless of hormone use.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 23 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 19 timesPubMed

166. 173 sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women exercised 45 minutes 5 days a week for 12 months; prolactin levels overall did not change, but those with the largest fitness gains had reduced prolactin.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 173 women · 52 weeks · 2007PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

167. In a 9-year follow-up of peri-menopausal women from an exercise trial, hormone therapy use, not the original exercise program, was linked to maintained bone mineral content, while fitness declined with age regardless.

     Reported a worseningRandomised trial · 80 women · 468 weeks · 2005PerimenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

168. An 18 week functional training program in postmenopausal women lowered blood pressure and heart rate and improved heart rate variability compared to a non-exercising control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 39 women · 18 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

169. Inactive postmenopausal women assigned to 150 or 300 minutes weekly of aerobic exercise for a year increased physical activity and reduced sedentary time, with greater gains at the higher dose.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 400 women · 52 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

170. Over 10 weeks, sedentary postmenopausal women doing aerobic and strength training with or without whole-body electrostimulation improved strength, agility and speed, with added cardiovascular benefit from electrostimulation.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 10 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

171. Untrained women aged 45 to 55 did 3 months of endurance or strength training, improving fitness or strength, but knee cartilage thickness and volume on MRI did not change.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 12 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 15 timesPubMed

172. In untrained postmenopausal women, moderate-intensity interval walking and continuous walking training produced similar improvements in glucose, insulin, HDL cholesterol and aerobic fitness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 2014PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

173. In sedentary postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of step-counting programs increased daily steps and activity but changed only body mass index among clinical outcomes measured.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 115 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

174. Sedentary, overweight, hypertensive postmenopausal women did 6 months of aerobic exercise and higher exercise doses were linked to significant reductions in a heart failure risk marker, the VE/VCO2 slope.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 401 women · 26 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

175. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of higher or lower volume resistance training; both improved exercise tolerance and strength similarly despite the higher-volume group gaining more muscle mass.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

176. Inactive postmenopausal women did recreational team handball training for 36 weeks and researchers reported improved fitness, knee strength, lumbar spine bone density, and lipid markers.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 45 women · 36 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

177. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of whole body vibration, circuit resistance, or aerobic training, with vibration showing no body composition benefit and a strength decrease versus other methods.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 8 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 28 timesPubMed

178. Postmenopausal overweight women at high breast cancer risk did 12 weeks of HIIT, moderate exercise, or usual care; HIIT was feasible and improved fitness more than usual care, with no weight difference.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 44 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

179. Postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of low or high volume resistance training; high-volume training improved fast walking speed and waist measures more than low-volume, while strength gains were similar between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 16 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

180. Middle-aged women did 12 weeks of resistance training or walking three times weekly, and resistance training improved body image more than walking.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 60 women · 12 weeks · 1993Midlife womenCited 19 timesPubMed

181. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did Kinect-based virtual reality training plus daily walking for 24 weeks and showed greater improvements in physical performance and quality of life than walking alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 24 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

182. In 85 middle-aged women, 12 weeks of Zumba training improved mobility, gait speed and lower body endurance, with caffeine supplementation further boosting these gains except for dynamic balance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 85 women · 12 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

183. Postmenopausal women did 10 weeks of resistance training with normal or higher protein intake; higher protein gave a small added gain in walking speed but not strength or lean mass quality.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 10 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

184. Postmenopausal women did 6 months of cycle ergometer aerobic training with or without estrogen therapy, and aerobic training prevented the daytime blood pressure rise seen with estrogen alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 26 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

185. In postmenopausal women averaging 56 years, 12 weeks of treadmill exercise improved waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, interleukin-6 levels and exercise capacity compared to a control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 46 women · 12 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

186. A 10-week intermittent walking programme in 36 obese postmenopausal women reduced thyroid stimulating hormone, triglycerides, cholesterol and blood pressure, and improved fitness and HDL cholesterol.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 10 weeks · 2026Early postmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

187. In menopausal women aged 50 to 65, a 12 week SaBang-DolGi walking program improved physical measures and mental well-being compared to a control group.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 9 timesPubMed

188. Postmenopausal women aged 60+ did functional or concurrent training for up to 8 weeks; both improved functional fitness tests without impairing immune function, versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 8 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

189. In 58 women within 5 years of menopause, 3 months of twice-weekly muscle strengthening exercise increased leg muscle strength but did not improve 6-minute walk distance, heart rate, or blood pressure.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2012Early postmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

190. Postmenopausal women did 8 weeks of resistance training 3 times weekly, and both protein timing groups gained lean mass, strength, and walking performance with no difference between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 8 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

191. Thirty postmenopausal women did an 8 week HIIT program combined with either intermittent fasting or a low calorie diet, and both groups improved flexibility and VO2 max.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 8 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

192. Nine middle-aged women with depression did 7 days of home-based interval walking training with or without a supplement, and the supplement group showed reduced depression scores.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 9 women · 1 weeks · 2018Midlife womenCited 12 timesPubMed

193. In postmenopausal women, a low-fat dietary intervention that also increased physical activity reduced age-related decline in physical functioning over 12 years.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 48,835 women · 624 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

194. After 12 weeks of resistance training, healthy postmenopausal women and postmenopausal breast cancer survivors both gained muscle thickness, strength, and physical performance, with no differences between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

195. Postmenopausal women did functional or combined training, and both groups improved walking speed, jumping ability and dressing-task time compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 108 women · 2022PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

196. In middle-aged breast cancer survivors, resistance training increased strength and power and improved walking speed, with strength and power gains explaining the improvement.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 21 women · 2024Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

197. In older women with metabolic syndrome, 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training improved fitness and strength but did not change body composition, blood pressure or lipid and glucose profiles.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 16 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

198. In healthy older women, 8 weeks of resistance training combined with fish oil increased handgrip strength and lowered blood pressure and inflammatory markers more than resistance training with placebo.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 8 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

199. Overweight postmenopausal women who did 8 weeks of sprint interval training showed increased stroke volume and estimated maximal oxygen uptake compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 8 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

200. Postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis did a 16 week Tai Chi based activity program and showed improved grip strength, walking speed, disease activity and quality of life versus usual care.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 62 women · 16 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

201. In 25 hypertensive women followed 9 years through menopause, soccer-based exercise training reduced blood pressure, body fat, cholesterol, and kept fasting glucose stable compared to non-exercising controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 25 women · 468 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed

202. Sedentary postmenopausal women did 6 months of supervised aerobic training; it reduced BMI and body fat and increased aerobic fitness but did not significantly change leptin or resistin levels.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 27 women · 26 weeks · 2018PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

203. 12 postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity did single sessions of continuous or interval cycling, and researchers found no difference in post-exercise fat burning or energy balance between the two exercise types.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 12 women · 2020PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

204. In 76 postmenopausal women, 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training at varying weekly frequencies improved walking economy and aerobic fitness regardless of training frequency.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 76 women · 16 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

205. Sedentary middle-aged women who jogged for 4 months improved endurance capacity but showed only small, mostly nonsignificant changes in serum lipid levels compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 33 women · 16 weeks · 1992Midlife womenCited 14 timesPubMed

206. Previously sedentary postmenopausal women aged 45 to 64 who completed a 20-week exercise plus health promotion program reported improved quality of life, mental well-being, weight, fitness and flexibility versus controls, sustained to 12 months.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

207. Postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome did a 16-week mixed aerobic and strength program; the exercise group had higher oxygen uptake and some cognitive improvements versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 12 women · 16 weeks · 2013PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

208. Twenty-six obese middle-aged women with prehypertension did 6 weeks of resistance plus moderate or high-intensity aerobic training; both groups improved body composition, blood pressure, and fitness, with resistance plus HIIT improving lipids more.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 26 women · 6 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

209. Previously sedentary postmenopausal women who completed a supervised 20-week multicomponent exercise program showed improved quality of life, mental well-being, weight, fitness and flexibility, maintained through 12-month follow-up.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

210. Postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of combined aerobic and strength training and showed improved gait speed, stride length, postural balance and aerobic capacity versus a non-training control group.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 28 women · 16 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

211. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of resistance training with different load-order schemes and both approaches improved strength, sit-to-stand power and walking speed similarly.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 24 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

212. In overweight and obese middle-aged women, 2 months of moderate aerobic exercise improved fitness and reduced body weight and blood pressure but did not change cognitive or motor performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 8 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 13 timesPubMed

213. Overweight postmenopausal women who lost weight with or without aerobic exercise over 6 months and were followed for a year showed similar bone density loss in both groups.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 52 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

214. 58 postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of periodized or non-periodized combined training; periodized groups gained more strength while all groups improved aerobic fitness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 58 women · 12 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

215. Postmenopausal women performed handgrip exercise under blood flow restriction after taking nitrate supplement or placebo, and researchers found nitrate lengthened time to fatigue.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 13 women · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

216. In 40 overweight or obese postmenopausal women with low vitamin D, 8 weeks of water-based aerobic training with vitamin D3 improved BMI, grip strength, balance and gait speed more than either alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 8 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

217. Postmenopausal women with vitamin D deficiency did 12 weeks of moderate aerobic training; gene expression and vitamin D rose but pulmonary function and sex hormone levels did not significantly change.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 29 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

218. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of indoor or outdoor training three times weekly, and indoor training improved body composition and fitness more while outdoor training improved blood pressure, strength and adherence.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 23 women · 12 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

219. Pre and postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of aerobic exercise or strength and flexibility training, and researchers found only partial support that aerobic exercise reduced stress reactivity.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 50 women · 12 weeks · 1991Midlife womenCited 11 timesPubMed

220. Fourteen postmenopausal women aged 50 to 65 took beetroot juice nitrate or placebo for eight days; a 6-minute walk test improved with nitrate but other performance tests did not differ.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 14 women · 1 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

221. Postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease who did a home-based exercise program three times weekly for 8 weeks improved walking test performance and heart rate variability compared with controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 8 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

222. Premenopausal women did 8 weeks of moderate or brisk walking, and brisk walking increased fitness and reduced IL-6 compared with moderate walking and controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 30 women · 8 weeks · 2017OtherCited 6 timesPubMed

223. Sedentary postmenopausal hypertensive women doing 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in mineral spring water showed reduced blood pressure and body fat and improved fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 20 women · 8 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

224. Postmenopausal women with coronary disease who walked for 26 weeks of cardiac rehab increased peak oxygen uptake by 15%, with similar results whether or not they used hormone therapy.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 38 women · 26 weeks · 2003PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

225. Healthy postmenopausal women took estrogen or placebo for 12 weeks in a crossover trial, and estrogen did not improve treadmill exercise tolerance, oxygen uptake, or blood pressure response to exercise.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

226. In 24 postmenopausal women, an 8-week circuit exercise program combined with preworkout beetroot juice improved walk test distance and aerobic capacity more than exercise alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 24 women · 8 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

227. Middle-aged and young women did 10 weeks of aerobic exercise three times weekly, both groups improved fitness and insulin sensitivity, with greater adiponectin and RBP4 changes in older women.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 38 women · 10 weeks · 2008Midlife womenCited 78 timesPubMed

228. Women with menopause symptoms did an unsupervised physical activity program four times weekly for six months, and the intervention improved cardiorespiratory fitness, lean muscle mass and quality of life cost effectively.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 151 women · 26 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

229. Overweight postmenopausal women did a 6-month weight loss program with higher-protein diet with or without supervised multicomponent exercise; exercise groups preserved strength and physical function better than diet alone.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 72 women · 26 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

230. In sedentary middle-aged women, a 6 month Hatha yoga program three times weekly improved body fat, strength, aerobic fitness and balance compared to no training.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 80 women · 26 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

231. In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis doing an 18 month exercise program, individually coached and group coached training showed similar improvements in physical function and activity levels.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 52 women · 78 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

232. Overweight postmenopausal women added walking to a weight loss program and showed a 2% increase in femoral neck bone density versus weight loss alone, linked to reduced inflammatory markers.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 86 women · 2009PostmenopausalCited 59 timesPubMed

233. Mildly obese middle-aged women did 12 weeks of aerobic exercise with food restriction and lost body fat while resting metabolic rate per unit of lean mass increased.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 17 women · 12 weeks · 1994Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

234. In 101 postmenopausal women with obesity, severe short-term energy restriction led to greater physical activity levels at 6 months than moderate restriction, though differences were weight-dependent.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 101 women · 156 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

235. In 70 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, a 12 week home-based multi-task exercise program improved HDL levels, cognitive function, and physical fitness compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

236. Early postmenopausal women did 12 months of exercise with or without alendronate; exercise raised muscle power, balance and aerobic capacity but gains faded 15 months after stopping.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 102 women · 65 weeks · 2004Early postmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

237. Postmenopausal women did lower-load or higher-load resistance training; lower-load training gave slightly greater leg lean mass gains, with similar strength and inflammatory marker changes.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 29 women · 2022PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

238. Abdominally obese postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of endurance or endurance-strength training, with the combined group showing increased whole-body bone density and both groups improving physical capacity.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 101 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

239. Female recreational runners, including postmenopausal women, completed two 1-hour races; carbohydrate mouth rinsing did not change running performance or hormone levels compared with placebo.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 15 women · 2018Midlife womenCited 5 timesPubMed

240. Obese middle-aged women who did combined aerobic and resistance training lost more abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat and gained more lean mass than those doing aerobic training alone.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 30 women · 2003Midlife womenCited 73 timesPubMed

241. A 12-week multicomponent exercise and cognitive program in midlife Hong Kong women, mean age 61.5, improved intrinsic capacity scores, chair stand times, muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 176 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

242. Breast cancer survivors, including postmenopausal women, did 12 weeks of combined treadmill and stretching exercise, which improved resting blood pressure and oxygen saturation compared to controls.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 48 women · 12 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

243. In 43 osteopenic postmenopausal women, a 24-week walking plus step exercise program increased femoral neck bone density, strength and fitness versus a non-exercising control group.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 43 women · 24 weeks · 2000PostmenopausalCited 71 timesPubMed

244. In postmenopausal women without cardiac disease, a crossover trial found oral estrogen had no significant effect on heart rate, blood pressure or treadmill exercise echocardiography measures.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 1997PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

245. Thirty-four middle-aged women with knee pain did 12 weeks of rehabilitative exercise scheduled in massed or distributed sessions, and both improved balance, functional performance and pain versus control.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 34 women · 12 weeks · 2023Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

246. Postmenopausal women doing 8 weeks of Nordic walking, with or without a resistance shock absorber, showed reduced body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, with no change in heart or lung test results.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 32 women · 8 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

247. Overweight women aged 35 to 50 did 10 weeks of HIIT or HIIT plus resistance training; strength improved with combined training and lipid and insulin markers improved in both groups, but fitness did not improve.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 27 women · 10 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

248. Postmenopausal women did low-impact dance three times weekly for 16 weeks, and researchers reported improvements in a bone formation marker and parts of cognitive and functional fitness.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 16 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

249. In 85 inactive postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, a home-based dual-task exercise program improved executive function, physical performance and HDL, and reduced IL-10 and TNF, but did not change diabetes indices overall.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 85 women · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

250. Eleven active postmenopausal women on oral or transdermal estrogen did 45-minute exercise tests; estradiol rose during exercise only with transdermal estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol and insulin changed in both.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 11 women · 2002PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

251. Forty-seven postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of jazz dance, which improved cardiorespiratory fitness and short-term sleep quality but did not improve body composition or most strength measures.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 16 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

252. A 10-week intermittent walking programme in 36 sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity reported improved liver enzymes, lower CRP, reduced body fat and waist size, and higher aerobic capacity.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 10 weeks · 2026Early postmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

253. Sedentary postmenopausal women took oral estrogen or placebo for 90 days and underwent exercise testing, with researchers finding estrogen did not improve exercise capacity.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 23 women · 13 weeks · 2005PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

254. Eleven postmenopausal women did high-intensity interval exercise in water and on land, with water exercise producing greater muscle oxygenation and lower perceived exertion.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 11 women · 2020PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

255. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors did 6 months of supervised exercise training, improving exercise capacity more than usual care, but endothelial function did not differ between groups.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 32 women · 26 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

256. Sedentary obese postmenopausal African American women were randomized to walk 3 or 5 days a week at the same intensity, comparing exercise maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 2004PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

257. Postmenopausal women doing 10 weeks of indoor rowing training three times weekly showed increased peak oxygen uptake, stroke volume, and cardiac output compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 23 women · 10 weeks · 2023PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

258. Early postmenopausal women with low bone density did a 14 month high-impact, strength and endurance program and had increased lumbar spine bone density, strength and fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 100 women · 60 weeks · 2003Early postmenopausalCited 34 timesPubMed

259. In 25 physically active postmenopausal women doing 12 weeks of multicomponent training, fasted versus fed exercise did not differ in body composition, blood pressure or fitness changes.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 25 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

260. In healthy postmenopausal women, 6 months of cycle ergometer aerobic training increased oxygen uptake at peak exercise, but the gain was smaller in women also taking oral estrogen therapy.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 42 women · 26 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

261. In women aged 40-60, 12 weeks of strength training with or without fortified milk improved muscle mass, strength and physical function after a prior inactivity period, regardless of menopause status.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 83 women · 12 weeks · 2025Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

262. Seventy postmenopausal women did jazz dance or concurrent training for up to 12 months; both improved cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and sleep quality, with concurrent training showing greater fitness gains.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 70 women · 52 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

263. In 47 obese middle-aged women, 8 weeks of HIIT improved cardiorespiratory endurance but increased waist circumference, while adding probiotics preserved the endurance benefit and reduced hip circumference.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 47 women · 8 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

264. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia did strength training twice weekly for 6 months and showed no bone loss in the spine and femoral neck, unlike controls who lost significant bone density, while strength rose sharply.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 31 women · 26 weeks · 1996PostmenopausalCited 38 timesPubMed

265. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors who did 15 weeks of combined walking and resistance training improved aerobic capacity, resting heart rate, body weight and BMI, with no change in blood pressure.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 29 women · 15 weeks · 2010PostmenopausalCited 25 timesPubMed

266. Postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes did supervised aerobic and resistance training three times weekly for 10 weeks and showed improved fitness and artery compliance, but no change in blood pressure or lipids.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 28 women · 10 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

267. In postmenopausal obese women, aerobic and resistance exercise both reduced weight, body fat and waist circumference and increased maximum oxygen uptake and knee muscle strength, with no change in estrogen.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 30 women · 2018PostmenopausalCited 20 timesPubMed

268. A 6-month adapted exercise program in 44 postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures improved quality of life, fear of falling, balance, gait, and functional exercise capacity compared with controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 44 women · 26 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

269. In 40 postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of whole-body resistance training at either lower or higher load improved adiponectin, body fat, muscle strength and walking performance similarly.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 15 timesPubMed

270. In 194 women aged 65 to 79 with osteopenia or osteoporosis, 9 months of dynamic multicomponent exercise improved gait speed, trunk endurance, and balance more than OsteoStrong, though both improved grip and back strength.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 194 women · 39 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

271. Middle-aged women with subclinical hypothyroidism or obesity did 12 weeks of combined resistance and aerobic training, improving body fat, fitness and blood pressure but not thyroid hormones or lipids.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2019Midlife womenCited 15 timesPubMed

272. Symptomatic postmenopausal women did 16 weeks of supervised moderate exercise training, which improved fitness and reduced sweating, skin blood flow changes and self-reported severity during hot flushes versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 21 women · 16 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

273. African-American pre- and postmenopausal women did six months of mild-intensity aerobic exercise; postmenopausal women showed improved triglycerides and some vascular markers but not fitness or glucose.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 35 women · 26 weeks · 2014Midlife womenCited 17 timesPubMed

274. Over 12 weeks, postmenopausal women doing Nordic walking with high protein intake and time-restricted eating showed the largest gains in handgrip strength and physical performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 96 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

275. Postmenopausal women aged 55 to 65 did supervised combined aerobic and weight-bearing exercise three times weekly for 12 weeks and showed favourable changes in bone turnover markers and improved walk and chair-stand performance.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 86 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

276. Sedentary postmenopausal women aged 60 to 75 with dyslipidemia did 10 weeks of Pilates, which improved cardiorespiratory fitness but did not change cholesterol or lipid levels compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 26 women · 10 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 13 timesPubMed

277. In 66 early postmenopausal women, eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training, delivered in person or via app, reduced menopausal symptoms, fatigue, and improved sleep versus education alone.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 66 women · 8 weeks · 2026Early postmenopausalPubMed

278. Depressed postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction did supervised diaphragmatic breathing exercises for 12 weeks and had greater reductions in depression scores and increases in sexual function scores than controls, with no difference in walk test distance.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 64 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

279. Pre- and postmenopausal obese women did a 16-week walking program, with both groups showing similar reductions in fat mass, waist size and HDL cholesterol, and improved fitness.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 30 women · 16 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 15 timesPubMed

280. Forty-nine postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of resistance training at self-selected or imposed intensity; both groups improved strength, muscle mass and physical performance with no difference between them.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 49 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

281. An 8 week high-intensity functional exercise program improved physical performance, dual-task performance and menopausal symptom scores in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 65 compared with controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 40 women · 8 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

282. In 36 postmenopausal women with obesity, 10 weeks of moderate-intensity interval walking training modestly reduced waist size and body fat, and improved kidney and inflammation markers versus controls.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 36 women · 10 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

283. In 23 postmenopausal women aged 44 to 75, 4 weeks of estrogen therapy lowered LDL and raised HDL cholesterol but did not change heart rate or blood pressure responses during treadmill exercise overall.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 23 women · 4 weeks · 1999PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

284. In 60 overweight postmenopausal women, 6 months of weight loss plus aerobic exercise improved fitness and reduced android fat distribution more than weight loss alone, which did not change fitness.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 60 women · 24 weeks · 2017PostmenopausalCited 10 timesPubMed

285. In a pilot RCT of 31 postmenopausal women with hypertension, supervised aerobic exercise improved VO2 max and heart rate variability over 12 weeks, with a greater reduction in blood pressure variability than home based walking.

     Reported an improvementRandomised trial · 31 women · 12 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

286. Eight weeks of moderate exercise training in sedentary postmenopausal women did not change body fat, aerobic fitness, or 24-hour energy expenditure compared to non-exercising controls.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 19 women · 8 weeks · 2001PostmenopausalCited 18 timesPubMed

287. In a 12-week trial, middle-aged women doing home-based slow-paced breathing showed similar balance and aerobic endurance to controls, with no significant between-group differences.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 26 women · 12 weeks · 2025Midlife womenPubMed

288. In 43 sedentary postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of cycle ergometer training twice weekly increased VO2max by 9.2% and reduced weight, while a passive exercise device did not improve fitness.

     Mixed resultsRandomised trial · 43 women · 12 weeks · 1990PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

289. Perimenopausal women aged 45 to 55 did 12 weeks of strength or endurance training; strength training improved muscle strength and quality, while endurance training raised aerobic fitness by 28%.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 42 women · 12 weeks · 2009PerimenopausalCited 12 timesPubMed

290. Over nine months of combined aerobic and resistance training, postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors showed similar strength, fitness, and body fat improvements to healthy postmenopausal women.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 42 women · 39 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

291. In 17 active postmenopausal women, a new slower incremental cycling test delayed the time to reach maximal fat burning compared with a standard test but did not change the peak fat oxidation rate.

     No difference foundRandomised trial · 17 women · 2026PostmenopausalPubMed

292. 12 postmenopausal women did single sessions of heavy or light-load resistance exercise, both of which acutely improved glucose tolerance compared with no exercise, with no difference between loads.

     Direction not statedRandomised trial · 12 women · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

293. Obese middle-aged women did a 12-week diet and aerobic program with or without acceleration training; adding acceleration training improved grip strength, balance and flexibility beyond diet and aerobic exercise alone.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 28 women · 12 weeks · 2014Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

294. In 40 postmenopausal women, 24 weeks of walking and strength training combined with dieting increased muscle strength, while bone density and VO2max did not change.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 40 women · 24 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 14 timesPubMed

295. In 41 inactive women aged 35 to 45, eight weeks of Zumba Fitness three times weekly improved respiratory function measures and reduced body mass, BMI and fat mass compared to controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 41 women · 8 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed

296. Overweight middle-aged women did 16 weeks of either strength or aerobic training; strength training decreased waist circumference more and raised resting metabolic rate, while weight loss and fitness gains were similar between groups.

     No difference foundControlled trial · 29 women · 16 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 8 timesPubMed

297. Overweight postmenopausal women did 6 months of weight loss with or without aerobic exercise; both lost similar weight, but only the exercise group improved fitness and avoided a drop in daily activity.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 79 women · 26 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

298. In a 3 month combined aerobic and strength training program, obese and lean premenopausal middle-aged women improved similarly across most fitness, strength and balance measures, with high enjoyment in both groups.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 72 women · 12 weeks · 2023OtherCited 4 timesPubMed

299. In menopausal and non-menopausal women with metabolic syndrome, three months of aerobic training improved abdominal fat, blood glucose and fitness but did not change resting or post-exercise blood pressure.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 44 women · 12 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 6 timesPubMed

300. Fall-prone postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of Taijiquan and improved balance, flexibility, arm curl strength, and handgrip strength versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 50 women · 12 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

301. Middle-aged female recreational runners following high-intensity interval or moderate-intensity continuous training both improved half-marathon finishing times by 2 to 3 percent.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 20 women · 2020Midlife womenCited 5 timesPubMed

302. In middle-aged women with abdominal obesity, 12 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training reduced waist circumference, cholesterol, triglycerides and carotid artery thickness and improved fitness versus controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2021Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

303. Inactive women aged 45 to 65 did an 8-week Tai Chi Chih program twice weekly and showed greater improvement in physical functional performance than a comparison group.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 41 women · 8 weeks · 2015Midlife womenCited 4 timesPubMed

304. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with obesity in a 24 week diet and exercise program lost an average of 3.8 kilograms and reduced body fat percentage and waist circumference.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 14 women · 24 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 65 timesPubMed

305. Perimenopausal and postmenopausal obese women completed six weeks of high-intensity interval training, and all groups reduced body measurements and increased maximal oxygen consumption afterward.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 56 women · 6 weeks · 2020Midlife womenCited 3 timesPubMed

306. Researchers compared body composition and fat burning during exercise in pre, peri and postmenopausal women and found lower fat oxidation during exercise in postmenopausal women.

     Mixed resultsCross-sectional study · 72 women · 2022Midlife womenCited 33 timesPubMed

307. Nine postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes did combined strength and aerobic training for 16 weeks and showed improved glucose control, insulin action and muscular strength.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 9 women · 16 weeks · 2004PostmenopausalCited 68 timesPubMed

308. A six month community exercise program for perimenopausal and menopausal women improved quality of life and physical condition, especially aerobic fitness, strength and balance, versus inactive controls.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 26 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 6 timesPubMed

309. Postmenopausal women with obesity who did 4 months of resistance training saw decreased body fat and increased strength and fitness, with smaller effects on cholesterol and no change in blood sugar control.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 51 women · 16 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

310. Postmenopausal women did 24 weeks of strength training or hydro gymnastics, with both groups showing improved cardiorespiratory fitness and strength training also reducing body mass index.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 38 women · 24 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

311. Over 20 months, middle-aged women with low cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline had more than three times the risk of gaining 3 kg or more compared with highly fit women.

     Direction not statedCohort study · 257 women · 87 weeks · 2010Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

312. In 45 middle-aged women who had not exercised regularly, a 12 week mat Pilates program twice weekly improved body composition, core and lower limb strength, agility and balance versus no intervention.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 45 women · 12 weeks · 2022Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

313. Postmenopausal women did 12 weeks of Bungy Pump Training, 3 times weekly, and showed greater gains in fitness and reductions in visceral fat and body fat than women doing daily activity.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 56 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

314. In 492 postmenopausal women, slower walk times and lower physical activity were associated with higher BMI, waist size, and markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease.

     Direction not statedCross-sectional study · 492 women · 2007PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

315. Fifteen postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome did 12 weeks of treadmill HIIT and showed improved fitness, reduced inflammatory markers, and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 15 women · 12 weeks · 2019PostmenopausalCited 24 timesPubMed

316. In 35 pre and postmenopausal women with higher body fat, 12 weeks of resistance training lowered body fat in premenopausal women and improved grip strength and other fitness measures in both groups.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 35 women · 12 weeks · 2019Midlife womenCited 19 timesPubMed

317. In aged women, 8 weeks of intense aerobic cycle training did not increase skeletal muscle capillarization but increased muscle VEGF protein levels.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 12 women · 8 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

318. 77 postmenopausal women with low bone mass did water-based weight-bearing exercise for 12 months, improving fitness and wellbeing but not preventing spinal bone density decline.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 77 women · 52 weeks · 1997PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

319. Postmenopausal women with low bone density did 16 weeks of home-based hopping exercise; femoral neck and hip bone density and physical function measures like chair stand and stair climb time improved.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 44 women · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 16 timesPubMed

320. In 137 overweight, sedentary postmenopausal women, a cross-sectional study found higher physical activity energy expenditure was linked to better insulin sensitivity and lower metabolic syndrome risk.

     Reported an improvementCross-sectional study · 137 women · 2008PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

321. Forty obese, sedentary postmenopausal women walked three days a week with calorie restriction, and greater gains in aerobic fitness were linked to greater reductions in visceral fat.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 40 women · 2001PostmenopausalCited 26 timesPubMed

322. Postmenopausal women did 48 weeks of endurance exercise training, which improved skin blood flow responses and fitness, reaching levels similar to untrained young women by 24 to 36 weeks.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 20 women · 48 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 22 timesPubMed

323. An 18-week circuit hydraulic weight interval training program in inactive pre- and postmenopausal women reduced body fat and increased muscle mass, with postmenopausal women needing longer training to see muscle gains.

     Direction not statedControlled trial · 100 women · 18 weeks · 2025Midlife womenPubMed

324. In midlife women, a 6 month program using activity sensors and social connectivity increased aerobic exercise from 63 to 132 minutes per week, maintained at 6 months.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 26 weeks · 2016Midlife womenCited 30 timesPubMed

325. Postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes did combined strength and aerobic training for 9 months, then stopped for 3 months, then resumed, with glucose control and fitness improving with training and worsening during detraining.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 13 women · 39 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 17 timesPubMed

326. Among 173 midlife women aged 45 to 65 entering a home-based walking program, more African American women than Caucasian women had hypertension and low physical fitness at baseline.

     Direction not statedCross-sectional study · 173 women · 2001Midlife womenCited 12 timesPubMed

327. In 208 postmenopausal women aged 49 to 79, researchers found cardiorespiratory fitness was lower with greater body fat and more time since menopause.

     Reported a worseningCross-sectional study · 208 women · 2011PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

328. Ninety middle-aged Korean women with obesity did three months of aerobic exercise training and researchers found improved body composition, blood pressure, cholesterol and adiponectin levels.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 90 women · 12 weeks · 2013Midlife womenCited 9 timesPubMed

329. In 39 sedentary overweight postmenopausal women, 4 months of walking training reduced fat mass and leptin levels and increased maximal oxygen consumption among adherent participants.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 39 women · 16 weeks · 2011PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

330. 226 menopausal women who exercised regularly improved functional motor capacity more often than non-exercisers at 6 and 12 months, a retrospective study found.

     Reported an improvementControlled trial · 226 women · 52 weeks · 1997Midlife womenPubMed

331. In 15 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, a 12-week supervised aerobic program raised fitness and lowered weight slightly but did not change fasting insulin or insulin resistance overall.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 15 women · 12 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

332. Seven obese postmenopausal women completed a 12 week diet and exercise program and showed reduced body fat, higher fitness, and lower serum and breast ductal estradiol levels.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 7 women · 12 weeks · 2012PostmenopausalCited 11 timesPubMed

333. Inactive pre and postmenopausal women with obesity did a 16 week walking program and showed reduced insulin resistance, improved fitness and body fat, but increased triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 29 women · 16 weeks · 2018Midlife womenCited 7 timesPubMed

334. Obese postmenopausal women who walked briskly 3 times weekly for 16 weeks improved fitness and fat loss most when adherence was high, regardless of exercise intensity.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 159 women · 16 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

335. Sedentary postmenopausal women aged 60 to 74 completed 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training, with those having low to moderate baseline stretch-shortening potentiation showing increased daily energy expenditure.

     Mixed resultsBefore-and-after study · 64 women · 16 weeks · 2021PostmenopausalCited 5 timesPubMed

336. In ten late postmenopausal women, 10 weeks of high-intensity floorball training increased fitness and reduced blood pressure, and increased prostacyclin formation, but did not improve leg vascular responsiveness.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 10 women · 10 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 7 timesPubMed

337. A case study of a 71-year-old woman who began resistance training at 63 reported greater muscle mass, strength, bone density and fitness than age-matched postmenopausal controls.

     Direction not statedBefore-and-after study · 1 women · 2024PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

338. Ten sedentary postmenopausal women completed 12 weeks of cycle endurance training, which increased fitness and altered glucose flux during exercise similarly to effects seen in younger women.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 10 women · 12 weeks · 2009PostmenopausalCited 9 timesPubMed

339. In 378 postmenopausal women across four intervention studies including hormones, exercise and nutrition, those classified as weak gained more grip strength and physical performance over six months.

     Reported an improvementOther · 378 women · 26 weeks · 2015PostmenopausalCited 40 timesPubMed

340. A 12 week resistance training program in 24 postmenopausal women, healthy or breast cancer survivors, improved 6-minute walk distance and work efficiency similarly in both groups.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 24 women · 12 weeks · 2026Early postmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

341. This study design paper describes a planned year long trial comparing high versus moderate volume aerobic exercise in inactive postmenopausal women, with results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 400 women · 52 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 29 timesPubMed

342. Obese postmenopausal women did a 10 week mixed Nordic walking and strength training program and showed improved fitness, strength, waist to hip ratio and cholesterol levels.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 10 weeks · 2014PostmenopausalCited 8 timesPubMed

343. In 15 postmenopausal women, 8 weeks of endurance training combined with prior blood withdrawal improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic heart function during exercise testing.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 15 women · 8 weeks · 2022PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

344. Overweight postmenopausal women did a year of combined aerobic and resistance training; those who did not lose fat mass still gained similar strength, fitness, and flexibility as those who did.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 31 women · 52 weeks · 2016PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

345. Sedentary postmenopausal women did a single bout of water-based or land-based combined exercise, and perceived exertion and lactate were similar but muscle oxygen use patterns differed between environments.

     No difference foundBefore-and-after study · 15 women · 2017PostmenopausalCited 3 timesPubMed

346. A 12-week combined aerobic and resistance programme in 101 perimenopausal Chinese teachers lowered triglycerides and fasting glucose and improved muscular strength and endurance.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 101 women · 12 weeks · 2026PerimenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

347. Sedentary postmenopausal women did a 4 week Scottish dancing program twice weekly; it reduced waist circumference and lowered heart rate during a step test but did not change body weight or fat.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 24 women · 4 weeks · 2020PostmenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

348. A review of exercise training in hypertensive postmenopausal women reported that aerobic and resistance exercise were linked to improved blood pressure, lipid profiles and cardiorespiratory fitness.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2018PostmenopausalCited 56 timesPubMed

349. In 40 obese perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training increased anaerobic energy contributions during repeated sprint cycling in both groups.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 40 women · 6 weeks · 2024Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

350. In a 3 month home-based internet physical-cognitive exercise program for middle-aged obese women, body weight and BMI decreased while fitness and lower limb muscle power improved, with high adherence.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 33 women · 12 weeks · 2023Midlife womenCited 1 timesPubMed

351. Twenty-five postmenopausal women did a 6-minute walk test and treadmill task; slower oxygen uptake kinetics correlated with higher fatigue and mood disturbance, and older women had lower aerobic capacity.

     Reported a worseningCross-sectional study · 25 women · 2025PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

352. Twenty active postmenopausal women did 6 weeks of cycling HIIT and researchers found improved fat oxidation, efficiency, and power output, with no change in basal metabolic rate or body composition.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 20 women · 6 weeks · 2026PostmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed

353. In 175 postmenopausal women, insufficient physical activity was the strongest predictor of slow gait speed, with nearly four times higher odds of functional decline than active women.

     Reported a worseningCross-sectional study · 175 women · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

354. Obese middle-aged women were followed one year after an 18 week jogging and diet program; researchers reported fitness and cholesterol ratio gains were maintained with continued self-directed training.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 13 women · 52 weeks · 1991Midlife womenCited 2 timesPubMed

355. Middle-aged Korean women over 40 did 12 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise and showed significant improvements in body composition, blood pressure, fitness and metabolic measures overall.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 185 women · 12 weeks · 2014Midlife womenPubMed

356. 22 menopausal women completed a 12-week workplace exercise programme of body conditioning, Zumba Gold, Pilates and HIIT, with authors reporting favourable changes in body fat, fitness, menopause symptoms and mental health.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 22 women · 12 weeks · 2026Midlife womenPubMed

357. Eleven postmenopausal breast cancer survivors did 12 weeks of resistance training and increased six-minute walk distance and work performed, with lower submaximal oxygen use late in the test.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 11 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

358. Six active postmenopausal women completed a 5-day wild trek and showed increased fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, peak VO2, and decreased fat mass afterward.

     Reported an improvementBefore-and-after study · 6 women · 1 weeks · 2024PostmenopausalPubMed

359. A review reported that habitual running and aerobic exercise were linked to higher bone density, better fitness, lower blood pressure and reduced coronary risk in women including postmenopausal groups.

     Reported an improvementOther · 1991Midlife womenCited 29 timesPubMed

360. A protocol describes a 9 month mHealth guided jumping and fast walking program in 120 postmenopausal women to test effects on bone density, with results not yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 120 women · 36 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalCited 4 timesPubMed

361. A pilot RCT protocol will test a 9-month high-intensity resistance and impact training program in 40 perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, assessing feasibility and bone, muscle and function measures.

     Direction not statedOther · 40 women · 36 weeks · 2025PerimenopausalCited 2 timesPubMed

362. This review reported that perimenopausal and postmenopausal women benefit from endurance and strength exercise, improving fitness, bone health, and quality of life.

     Reported an improvementOther · 2000Midlife womenCited 10 timesPubMed

363. This protocol describes a planned 12-week resistance training trial comparing set configurations in postmenopausal women, with cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes but no results yet reported.

     Direction not statedOther · 40 women · 12 weeks · 2025PostmenopausalPubMed

364. A trial protocol will compare 12 weeks of urban dance versus functional fitness against a control group for physical and psychological effects in postmenopausal women aged 40 to 59.

     Direction not statedOther · 12 weeks · 2025Early postmenopausalCited 1 timesPubMed